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VIRGINIA COUNTY NAMES 



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VIRGINIA COUNTY NAMES 

Two Hundred and Seventy 
Years of Virginia History 



By 

CHARLES M. LONG, M.A., Ph.D. 

A Native of Virginia and an Alumnus 
of her University 




New York and Washington 

THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY 

1908 



r 



LIBRARY of C(.N6niESS| 
Two Gooie-.! Hixiirtved 

die 11 \ 



Copyright, 1908, by 
Charles M. Long 



To 7ny wife, Elizabeth H. Long 



CONTENTS 

PART I 

Introduction 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I Introduction 17 

PART II 

Names from Royal English Families 

II House of Stuart 27 

III The Nine Stuart Counties . . 31 

IV The Three Orange Counties . 41 
V The Fourteen Hanover Coun- 
ties ■ 47 

PART III 
Other Names from England 

VI Thirteen Counties Named After 

Prominent Englishmen ... 63 
VII Twelve Counties Named After 

English Shires 85 

VIII A County Named After an Eng- 
lish Island 95 

PART IV 

American Warriors and Statesmen 

IX Counties Named After Eleven 

Revolutionary Patriots . . loi 



10 Virginia County Names 

X Counties Named After Seven 

Virginians 121 

PART V 

Virginia Governors and United States 
Presidents 

CHAPTER PAGE 

XI Counties Named After Thir- 
teen Virginia Governors . . 135 

XII Counties Named After Three 

Presidents . 155 

PART VI 

Indian Names and Natural Features 

XIII Nine Indian County Names . . 161 

XIV Four Names for Natural Feat- 

ures ... 173 

PART VII 

The Jamestown Exposition and Virginia 
County Names — Conclusion 

XV The Jamestown Exposition and 

Virginia County Names . . . 179 

XVI Conclusion 187 

Appendix 191 




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PREFACE 

•This books alms to tell how the Virginia 
counties got their names, and in telling the 
story it endeavors to show that the thoughts 
and feelings of the Virginians are reflected in 
the names the counties bear. 

In the unfolding of this story I have been 
impressed, first, by the amount of history sug- 
gested by the names; and, second, by the fact 
that the naming of the Virginia counties fur- 
nishes more material for colonial history than 
the county-naming of any other State in the 
Union. Of course the history suggested in 
this way falls far short of being a history of 
Virginia, but it is not too much to claim that 
these county-namings are interesting and help- 
ful in presenting some parts of the history of 
the Old Dominion from a new point of view. 
The names are the magnet; the facts of Vir- 
ginia history are the iron filings : it has been 
my part to put the magnet among the filings. 

I have been at much pains in my efforts 
to verify the facts herein presented, and when 
in doubt I have endeavored to attach to my 
statements the exact measure of doubt that 
I myself entertained. 



12 Virginia County Names 

To include all the facts that have a bear- 
ing on Virginia county names I have gone 
back in Scotch history to 1370; and I have 
brought my work up to date by showing that 
among the exhibits of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion of 1907 were many honoring men after 
whom Virginia counties had been named. 

The second part of the title of the book, 
"Two hundred and seventy years of Virginia 
History," is given because of the fact that, 
with reference to Virginia history, I begin 
with 1607 and end, as far as the naming of 
the counties is concerned, with 1880, when the 
youngest county of the State was organized. 

The contents indicates the general plan of 
the work. The map of Virginia will be 
found useful for reference. The Appendix 
gives four tables : i . A list of Virginia coun- 
ties, arranged according to the date of forma- 
tion, and giving source of each county name 
and the county or counties from which each 
county was formed. 2. A list of Virginia 
governors, 1 607-1908. 3. Area and popu- 
lation of each county, census 1900. 4. List 
of authorities consulted in compiling the work. 

I acknowledge especial indebtedness to 
my wife, who rendered material aid in the 
mechanical preparation of the work; to 



Preface 13 

Dr. B. W. Green, of Charlottesville, Va., 
who, after reading over the manuscript, made 
many helpful suggestions; to Mrs. Mary B. 
Moon, of Charlottesville, Va.; and to Dr. 
Charles W. Kent, of the University of Vir- 
ginia, who has encouraged me in presenting 
this work to the public. 

Charles M. Long. 

RUSSELLVILLE, Ky. 



PART I 
INTRODUCTION 



CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION 

The full significance of geographical names 
does not appear to the casual thinker; but 
to one who asks why and how the names were 
given, interesting answers often suggest them- 
selves. From the contemplation of the place 
that bears his name, we begin to consider 
the character and actions of the man from 
whom the name may have been derived, and 
our thoughts flow easily and swiftly from the 
man to his nationality, and from the nation 
to the circumstances that gave to the nation 
the possession of the place. 

Thus, the name St. Petersburg calls up to 
most students of geography the Idea of a 
great and mighty city, but there the Idea gen- 
erally ends. Further Inquiry would have 
shown that a Russian sovereign, desirous of 
founding a capital worthy of his vast empire, 
had struggled against almost Insurmountable 
difficulties and had builded the city which. In 
Its name, reminds us of the ambition and 
power of Peter the Great. Pennsylvania, by 

2 (17) 



18 Virginia County Names 

the name it bears, recalls the worth and in- 
tegrity of honest William Penn^ while Vir- 
ginia tells us that an English nobleman dis- 
covered new and strange lands over the seas; 
and that Queen Elizabeth, pleased with the 
discovery of her subject, named these lands in 
commemoration of her own virgin state. 

A name, apart from the circumstances that 
give it significance, is but a barren mingling 
of letters and sounds. Why, then, should 
we prize so dearly the names of objects about 
us? Why should we be so unwilling to 
change the name of the rose ? It is because the 
name has become associated with that which 
it represents. The qualities that belong to the 
object are reproduced in memory as we name 
that object. Valueless in itself, the name 
becomes invaluable from the thoughts and 
associations that cluster around it. 

The value and influence of a name are due 
to what the name suggests, as when, for in- 
stance, the warrior, in his fierce battle-cry, 
clamors for vengeance upon the slayers of 
his fallen comrades. "Remember the 
Alamo !"^ shouted the enraged Texans as they 

^It gets Its name, however, from Penn's father, Admiral 
Penn. 

^Pronounced Al-amo, and meaning cottonwood tree. 



Introduction 1 9 

rushed upon the superior numbers of the op- 
posing Mexicans. The valor inspired by 
their thirst for vengeance was irresistible; 
and the cruel slaughter at the Alamo was 
avenged by the brilliant victory of San Ja- 
cinto, which expelled the hated Mexicans 
from Texas soil. 

Virginia names can justly claim for them- 
selves an unusual degree of interest. In Vir- 
ginia was made the first permanent English 
settlement in America, and during all the 
colonial days Virginia ranked among the 
colonies first in territory, in population, and 
in political importance. This priority of rank 
continued throughout the Revolution, and in 
1810 Virginia was still the most populous 
State in the Union. 

The naming of Virginia counties, combined 
with the circumstances that attended the nam- 
ing, serves to recall many historical facts, and 
so numerous and important are these facts 
that the county names form, as it were, a 
framework on which hangs much of English 
history and more of the history of Virginia. 
Furthermore, this framework presents the 
facts in a new aspect, and, indeed, probably 
brings to light not a few facts that are wholly 
new. 



20 Virginia County Names 

The progress of events in England was 
carefully watched by Virginia, and the nam- 
ing of a county in a particular year often 
serves to record some event of unusual in- 
terest to the mother country and to the 
colony. Births and marriages in the royal 
family of England are thus recorded; re- 
corded in this way, too, is the accession of 
a new sovereign to the throne, the ministry 
then in power, or the success of an English 
general or statesman. So, also, after Vir- 
ginia became a State, matters and men of 
State or national interest furnish to a new 
county a name that indicates in itself the trend 
of popular sentiment. 

The date of the settlement of any particular 
locality is often indicated by the name given 
to that locality; so, too, the political views 
of the residents are exhibited in the character 
of the names about them. 

In Tidewater Virginia nearly all the coun- 
ties bear names taken from places or persons 
in England, while in the western part of the 
State the vast majority of county names are 
of American origin, the names thus showing 
that the eastern portion of Virginia was 
settled earlier than the western portion. In 
the times of the struggle between the Round- 



Introduction 2 1 

heads and Royalists In England, Virginia 
earned for herself the title of ''Old Do- 
minion" by her loyalty to the fugitive Prince 
Charles. 

The story of the county-naming is pre- 
eminently a story of colonial Virginia, for 
fifty-eight of Virginia's one hundred counties 
were named during the colonial era. Fur- 
thermore, no State In the Union can begin to 
suggest. In the naming of her counties, the 
wealth of colonial history thus suggested by 
Virginia. 

Virginia was the oldest of the colonies, and 
Virginia has a larger number of counties that 
were named during the colonial times than 
any other State. The six New England 
States have, taken together, only sixty-seven 
counties In all; Pennsylvania has sixty-seven, 
and New York has sixty-one. Georgia, de- 
cidedly exceeding Virginia In the number of 
her counties, and North Carolina, nearly 
equaling her, have, both put together, not as 
many colonial county names as Virginia. The 
remaining four of the original thirteen colo- 
nies. New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and 
South Carolina, have now, In the aggregate, 
only eighty-nine counties. 

As has been suggested, the long and close 



22 Virginia County Names 

connection between England and Virginia Is 
shown by the large number of county names 
taken from the mother country. Twenty-six 
of the hundred counties are named in honor 
of various royal families of England; per- 
haps a dozen are named after English shires f 
six are named after colonial governors; and 
other names are taken from English generals 
and statesmen. Altogether England fur- 
nishes fifty-seven per cent, of Virginia county 
names. 

Nine counties have Indian names, several 
are named from their natural features, and 
about twenty-five are named In honor of men 
that attained prominence on American soil. 

^A division of England corresponding to our county. 



PART II 

NAMES FROM ROYAL ENGLISH 
FAMILIES 



HOUSE OF STUART 

JAMES I, 1603-1625 

CHARLES I, 1625-1649 

COMMONWEALTH, 1649-1660 

CHARLES n, 1660-1685 

JAMES n, 1685-1688 

ANNE, 1702-1714 

HOUSE OF ORANGE 

WILLIAM III (and MARY), 1688-1694 

WILLIAM III (alone), 1694-1702 

HOUSE OF HANOVER 

GEORGE I, 1714-1727 

GEORGE II, 1727-1760 

GEORGE III, 1760-1820 

GEORGE IV, 1820-1830 

WILLIAM IV, 1830-1837 

VICTORIA, 1837-1901 

EDWARD VII, 1901 



CHAPTER II 



HOUSE OF STUART 



When Jamestown was settled in 1607 by 
the English, James Stuart, son of the beauti- 
ful but unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots, 
sat upon the throne of England. England 
and Scotland had just been peacefully united 
into one kingdom under him, for he was heir 
to the throne of both countries. 

The rule of the Stuarts began in Scotland 
in 1370 under Robert, the steward of that 
country, who then succeeded to the kingdom 
with the title of Robert II. The office of 
steward, which was hereditary, had long been 
held by Robert's ancestors; and from the 
office came their family name of "Stuart." 
Robert II of Scotland was grandson to Robert 
Bruce, who inflicted such a terrible defeat 
upon the English at the battle of Bannock- 
burn. The House of Stuart had reigned in 
Scotland for 233 years, when, in 1603, James 
VI of Scotland became also James I of Eng- 
land. 

The settlers who came to Virginia from 

(27) 



28 Virginia County Names 

England were loyal in their attachment to 
the mother country, and they manifested their 
devotion by the character of the names they 
bestowed on the lands and waters of their 
new home. Jamestown itself was so called 
in honor of King James I of England. The 
river^ that flows by the town was called James 
in honor of the same sovereign, while Cape 
Charles and Cape Henry bear the names of 
two of his sons. 

^Its Indian name was Powhatan, in honor of the great 
Indian chief. 



NINE STUART COUNTIES 

JAMES CITY, Organized 1634 

HENRICO, Organized 1634 

CHARLES CITY, Organized 1634 

ELIZABETH CITY, Organized 1634 

YORK, Organized 1634 

GLOUCESTER, Organized 1652 

PRINCESS ANNE, Organized 1691 

FLUVANNA, Organized 1777 

PRINCE GEORGE, Organized 1703 



CHAPTER III 

THE NINE STUART COUNTIES 

In 1634, when Charles I, son of James I, 
held the throne of his father, the colony of 
Virginia was divided into counties, or shires, 
as they were then called. Eight shires were 
formed, and five of them bear the names of 
various members of the royal family of 
England. 

James City county was named after James 
Clty,^ as Jamtstown was called In 16 19 and 
for many years afterward. As has been In- 
dicated, the town bore the name of King 
James I of England — the king who had the 
common or "King James" version of the 
English Bible prepared. 

Like James City, Henrico county was 
named after a town within Its limits. In 
161 1 Sir Thomas Dale, with the permission of 
acting Governor Thomas Gates, made a set- 
tlement of 350 chosen men upon a neck of 
land on James River. The place, which was 
nearly surrounded by water, he called Hen- 

^See p. 198, Martin's "Virginia Gazetteer." 
(31) 



32 Virginia County Names 

rico, in honor of Prince Henry, son of King 
James. A county formed twenty-three years 
later received the name of the town, and thus 
indirectly Prince Henry's name. The Prince 
died in 1612, before he had reached his 
eighteenth birthday. He was a youth of 
great promise, and was heir apparent to the 
throne at the time of his death. 

In the list^ of towns, plantations, and hun- 
dreds for 1 6 19 is Charles City. The place 
was almost certainly named after Prince 
Charles, afterwards King Charles I of Eng- 
land, who was beheaded in 1649 after 
a reign of nearly twenty-five years. The 
town could not have been named in honor 
of Charles II, for he was not born until 1630. 
Though I have no data to support me, I as- 
sume that Charles City county derives its 
name from that of the town, thus receiving, 
though indirectly, the name of the king that 
reigned at the time the county was formed — 
In 1634. 

The naming of Elizabeth City county is 
a matter of greater doubt, for, so far as I 
can learn, there is no town from which the 
county might have been named. It is highly 
probable that the county is named, directly 

'See J. E. Cooke's "Virginia," p. 115. 



Nine Stuart Counties 33 

or indirectly, from Princess Elizabeth, daugh- 
ter of James I. 

In 1 6 13 the princess married Frederick 
V, Elector^ Palatine. Frederick was chosen 
king of Bohemia in 16 19, but was utterly de- 
feated the next year by the army of the 
Catholic League, and had to give up both his 
electorate and his kingdom. 

Elizabeth had thirteen children, several of 
whom are of considerable historical impor- 
tance : Charles Louis, who was restored to the 
electorate at the close of the Thirty Years' 
War in 1648; Rupert, the "mad cavalier," 
and Maurice fought for their uncle, Charles 
I of England, in the civil war so disastrous 
to the royal cause. Sophia married Ernest 
Augustus of the House of Brunswick, who 
afterwards became Elector of Hanover. 
Parliament agreed that Sophia should suc- 
ceed Anne as Queen of England, but Sophia 
died before Anne. Sophia's son, however, — 
Elizabeth's grandson, — became king of Eng- 
land after Anne's death, with the title of 
George L 

Elizabeth possessed an admirable charac- 

^Electors were princes or churchmen who had the power 
of electing the emperor of Germany. Electors first met 
at Frankfort in 1152. There were seven electors, and 
their right to elect was hereditary. 



34 Virginia County Names 

ten strong and true in adversity, charming 
and vivacious in prosperity. She died in her 
native England in 1662 at the age of sixty- 
five. 

The name of Elizabeth City county could 
not have come from Princess Elizabeth, 
daughter of Charles I, for she was not born 
until 1635, one year after the county was 
formed and named. 

York and Gloucester counties are almost 
certainly named after the titles of two of 
King Charles Vs sons. York was one of the 
original shires, and was formed when James, 
Duke of York, was only one year old. Though 
the title was not formally bestowed on young 
James until 1643, he was, from the first, 
called the Duke of York. For a brief period 
of its existence York county was known as 
Charles River county. 

Prince James succeeded his brother Charles 
as king of England in 1685, but reigned only 
three years. He died an exile in France in 
1701. 

The first time that the name of Gloucester 
county,* which was formed from York, oc- 
curs is 1652. King Charles's son, Henry, 

*Dr. B. W. Green, quoting Henning's "Statues at Large 
for Virginia," Vol. i, p. 371. 



Nine Stuart Counties 35 

the Duke of Gloucester, was then eleven years 
old. Henry died of small-pox at the early 
age of twenty; his brother, Charles II, had 
shortly before become king. 

York and Gloucester counties may possibly 
be named after English shires, though It is 
most probable that they were named, as in- 
dicated, In honor of the dukes of York and 
Gloucester. The time of their naming, and 
the naming of other counties after members 
of the same royal family, heighten this proba- 
bility. 

Princess Anne and Fluvanna counties are 
named after Anne, second daughter of 
James II. 

This princess was born In 1664, when her 
father was the Duke of York. At the ac- 
cession of William and Mary to the throne 
in 1688, she did not follow her father Into 
exile, but adhered to the dominant Pro- 
testant party, and remained at the English 
court, where her oldest sister was queen. 
With the exception of the king and queen, 
Anne was probably the most prominent char- 
acter at court. 

It Is therefore not surprising that, when 
King and Queen county was named In honor 
of William and Mary In 1691, Princess Anne 



36 Virginia County Names 

county should have been named after Anne at 
the same time. 

When nineteen years of age Anne married 
Prince George, son of Christian V, of Den- 
mark. She had seventeen children, though 
only one of them survived infancy, and he 
died at the age of eleven. After receiving 
due honors in the reign of William and Mary, 
she succeeded to the English throne at Wil- 
liam's death in 1702, Mary having died be- 
fore her husband. Anne's older brother 
James, by right of birth, had a prior claim 
to the crown, but because he was a Catholic 
he was set aside in favor of the Protestant 
Anne. 

The Virginians testified their loyalty to 
Queen Anne by naming Prince George county 
after her husband the same year in which she 
became queen. The Danish prince was never 
given kingly power in England; Anne, like 
Victoria, ruled alone. 

Anne was twelve years queen. Though 
not brilliant, she seems to have won the affec- 
tion of her subjects, and was known as the 
"Good Queen Anne." She died in 1714 at 
the age of fifty. 

The James River above where the Rivanna 
enters it was formerly called Fluvanna, in 



Nine Stuart Counties 37 

honor of Queen Anne. The Latin word 
fluvius means river; the English name 
"Anna" was added to fiuv, the stem of the 
Latin word; and thus fliiv-anna, River Anna, 
>vas formed. Riv-anna was also named after 
Queen Anne; the name is merely a shorter 
way of saying River Anna. In 1777 the pres- 
ent county of Fluvanna was organized, and 
received the name by which the upper James 
had been called, thus indirectly receiving 
Queen Anne's name. The some time Fluv- 
anna River was thenceforth called the James. 
The North Anna, South Anna, and Rapidan 
rivers are also named after Anne. And in 
her honor the capital city of Maryland had 
its name changed, in 1691, from Providence 
to Annapolis. 

Of the nine Stuart-named counties, all ex- 
cept York, Gloucester and Princess Anne lie 
directly on the James. Elizabeth City, with 
an area of fifty square miles, is the smallest 
county in the State except Alexandria. It 
lies on the north side of Hampton Roads, and 
in it is the noted Fort Monroe. James City 
county lies between the York and the James, 
and is separated from Charles City by the 
Chickahominy River. Charles City and 
Henrico occupy the peninsula formed by the 



38 Virginia County Names 

James and Chlckahominy rivers. York 
county lies along the south bank of the York 
River and adjoins the Chesapeake Bay on the 
east. Gloucester's southern boundary is on 
the York River; Mobjack Bay bounds it on 
the southeast, and the Piankatank River 
separates it on the north from Middlesex. 

Chesapeake Bay and its tidewater tribu- 
taries afford excellent transportation, and the 
immense supply of fish and oysters is a source 
of great wealth to the counties drained by 
these waters. 

Princess Anne county lies south of the 
Chesapeake Bay on the Atlantic coast; it is 
bounded on the south by North Carolina, and 
North River, its chief stream, flows into the 
North Carolinian Currituck Sound. 

Prince George county lies along the south 
bank of the James, just across from Charles 
City. The Appomattox, Blackwater, and 
Nottoway rivers, together with the James, 
receive the county's drainage. 

Fluvanna is situated between Goochland 
and Albemarle on the north bank of the 
James, and is nearly bisected by the Rivanna 
River. 



THREE ORANGE COUNTIES 

KING AND QUEEN, Organized 1691 

KING WILLIAM, Organized 1701 

ORANGE, Organized 1734 



CHAPTER IV 

THE THREE ORANGE COUNTIES 

Three counties of Virginia are named in 
honor of the House of Orange, a prominent 
royal family of Holland that became con- 
nected with England by treaty and by mar- 
riage. 

King and Queen county is so called in honor 
of King William III of England, who was 
the Prince of Orange, and of Queen Mary, 
who ruled England jointly with her husband/ 

In 1 70 1, seven years after Mary's death. 
King William county was named after Wil- 
liam,- who was sole ruler of England during 
the eight years in which he survived his wife. 
Although William was a prince of Holland, 
he was grandson of Charles I of England 
through his mother Mary, who was the oldest 
daughter of that king. His wife Mary was 
his first cousin, for she also was a grandchild 

^William and Mary College, chartered in 1692, takes 
its name from these sovereigns. 

'Williamsburg was named in honor of King William, 
and the streets were to have been laid out in the shape 
of a W, but this plan was only partly carried out. 

(41) 



42 Virginia County Names 

of Charles I. Thus in William and Mary the 
line of Stuarts was indirectly represented on 
the English throne. 

There is hardly a doubt that the naming 
of Orange county in 1734 was a graceful way 
of extending congratulations to Prince Wil- 
liam of Orange, who married Anne, the oldest 
daughter of George II of England, in that 
year. 

The above explanation of Orange county's 
name is original with me, and I adopted it 
even before I knew that a county in North 
Carolina was named in honor of the House 
of Orange. The historian John Fiske, as 
I learned in 1900, says without qualification, 
that Orange county is named after the House 
of Orange. 

Two historians of Virginia give a different 
explanation of how the county got its name. 
Martin's "Gazetteer of Virginia"^ states that 
Orange county derived its name from the 
color of the soil in the mountainous portion 
of the county. Howe's "History of Vir- 
ginia,"* which bought the copyright to Mar- 
tin's book, follows Martin in saying that the 
county was named from the color of the soil. 

A number of considerations, besides the au- 

'P. 353. *P. 417- 



Three Orange Counties 4 3 

thority of Mr. Fiske, strengthen my belief 
that Orange county was named in comphment 
to Prince William of Orange. 

The connection between England and the 
House of Orange had been long and close. 
The family influence of George II determined 
several Virginia county names, both before 
and after Orange county was named. In 
1727 Caroline county was named after 
George's wife, Queen Caroline; in 1730 
Prince William county received the name of 
his son William; in 1738 Frederick and Au- 
gusta counties were named after the Prince 
of Wales and his wife; in 1742 Louisa 
county received the name of a daughter of 
George 11. Of the seven counties besides 
Orange that were formed during the sixteen 
years ending in 1742, five were named after 
members of George IPs family. Counties 
had been named after both of his sons, after 
one son's wife, and also after two of his 
five daughters. As there was already a 
Princess Anne county, George's oldest daugh- 
ter, Anne, had not yet been honored by a 
Virginia county name, There was then no 
opportunity for bestowing such a distinction, 
but in 1734 the occasion offered to honor her 
by naming a county after her husband's 



44 Virginia County Names 

family. It Is hard to believe that Virginia 
failed to seize the opportunity. 

King and Queen county is south of Essex 
and Middlesex, and is separated from King 
William on the south by the Mattapony 
River. The county Is drained chiefly by the 
Mattapony River, partly by the Plankatank. 

King William county Is enclosed on all 
except its northwest side by the Mattapony 
and Pamunkey rivers; Caroline county 
bounds it on the northwest. 

Orange county, in north-central Virginia, 
Is watered by the Rapldan and North Anna 
rivers ; its western surface Is broken by moun- 
tains. Although its present area is only 349 
square miles, Orange county, at its formation 
one hundred and seventy-four years ago, com- 
prised all of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. 



FOURTEEN HANOVER COUNTIES 

BRUNSWICK, Organized 1720 

HANOVER, Organized 1720 

KING GEORGE, Organized 1720 

CAROLINE, Organized 1727 

PRINCE WILLIAM, ^ Organized 1730 

AMELIA, Organized 1734 

FREDERICK, Organized 1738 

AUGUSTA, Organized 1738 

LOUISA, Organized 1743 

LUNENBURG, Organized 1745 

CUMBERLAND, Organized 1748 

PRINCE EDWARD, Organized 1753 

CHARLOTTE, Organized 1764 

MECKLENBURG, Organized 1764 



CHAPTER V 

THE FOURTEEN HANOVER COUNTIES 

At Queen Anne's death, in 17 14, the 
House of Hanover came Into peaceful posses- 
sion of the English throne. This line of 
sovereigns was so called because the Ger- 
man province of Hanover, with its various 
duchies, became subject to the English crown 
when George, the Elector of Hanover, be- 
came also ruler of England. Hanover re- 
mained a part of the British kingdom until 
1837, when Victoria became queen of the 
English. It then became independent of 
England, for, by the German law of succes- 
sion, no female could reign in Hanover. 

Fourteen Virginia counties bear names per- 
taining to the family of Hanover, and, as 
might be expected from early settled coun- 
ties, most of them are in the eastern part of 
the State. They were all named within a 
period of forty-five years, beginning in 1720 
and ending in 1764. After the latter date 
names associated with American independence 
begin to be prominent among the Virginia 
counties. 

(47) 



48 Virginia County Names 

Brunswick, Hanover, and King George 
counties, all three named in 1720, bear em- 
phatic evidence of Virginia's loyalty to the 
home government in England. Hanover 
and Brunswick are named in honor of the 
House of Hanover and the House of Bruns- 
wick respectively, though of course the 
families derived their names in the first case 
from the German province of Hanover, and 
in the second case from the duchy of Bruns- 
wick, which formed a part of Hanover. King 
George county bears the name of the king 
himself, George I, who ruled over England 
and Hanover from 1714 to 1727. 

In 1727 George II succeeded his father as 
king, and during the thirty-three years of his 
reign nine Virginia counties were named in 
honor of various members of the royal family. 
The king's wife, two sons, two daughters, a 
grandson, a son-in-law, and a daughter-in- 
law were thus complimented. Moreover, an- 
other county, Lunenburg, was named in honor 
of the king himself, for one of the king's titles 
was duke of Brunswick-Lunebiirg, Lune- 
biirg being the German form of Lunenburg. 

Caroline county was formed in 1727, the 
first year of George II's reign, and derived its 
name from the new sovereign's wife. Queen 



Fourteen Hanover Counties 49 

Caroline. Caroline was a woman of char- 
acter and ability, and exercised considerable 
influence on English politics during the ten 
years that she lived after becoming queen. 

Two counties are named in honor of 
Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumber- 
land and favorite — though not the oldest — 
son of George II. When the prince was 
only nine years old Prince William county 
received his name, in 1730. Eighteen years 
later, when William was commander-in-chief 
of the British army,^ Cumberland county was 
named in honor of the duke, in this instance, 
however, taking his title for that purpose. 
The duke had won great popularity by his 
decisive victory over the *'Young Pretender" 
at Culloden in 1746, and a triumphal demon- 
stration was made at Norfolk, Va., in honor 
of the victory. England rewarded Prince 
William with an annual pension of £40,000, 
or about $200,000, in gratitude to him for 



^Dr. B. W. Green, an authority on matters of Virginia 
history, supports me in this explanation of the name of 
Cumberland county in Virginia. Spencer's "North Caro- 
lina History" says that a North Carolina county was 
named after the duke in 1754. The "American Cyclo- 
pedia" says that Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, was, 
in 1750, named after the shire of that name in the north- 
west of England. 



50 Virginia County Names 

destroying forever the hopes the Stuarts may 
have entertained of gaining the Enghsh 
crown. The duke's subsequent military 
career, however, was quite unsuccessful. On 
his return from an unfortunate war in Han- 
over he resigned from the army, and was not 
again given office. He died in 1765. 

The county of Amelia was organized in 
1734, and takes its name from Amelia Sophia, 
second daughter of George II. The county 
of Orange was named in the same year to 
honor King George's son-in-law, the Prince 
of Orange, who had just married Anne, the 
king's oldest daughter. The accomplished 
and imperious Amelia never married. The 
princess was addicted to the habit of taking 
snuff, and on her snuff-box was inscribed, 
*^Noli me tangere^^ (Don't touch me). An 
old army officer once disregarded the injunc- 
tion and helped himself to some snuff from 
Amelia's snuff-box, whereupon the indignant 
Amelia had the remainder of the contents of 
the box cast into the fire. She was born in 
171 1, and lived through the entire reigns of 
her grandfather and father, and her nephew, 
George III, had been twenty-six years king 
when she died — in 1786. 

Louisa county was named in 1742 in com- 



Fourteen Hanover Counties 51 

pliment to Princess Louisa, the fifth and 
youngest daughter of George II, and was 
then a graceful, talented and amiable young 
lady of eighteen. She married Frederick V 
of Denmark the next year, and died in 175 1, 
at the age of twenty-seven. 

Frederick and Augusta counties were 
named in 1738 in honor of the Prince of 
Wales and his wife, who had just become the 
happy parents of a son. Twenty-two years 
later this son succeeded his grandfather as 
king of England, with the title of George III. 
Frederick himself died in 175 1, during his 
father's reign, and so never became king. 
The city of Fredericksburg in Spotsylvania 
county was founded in 1727 and named after 
Prince Frederick, when the prince was twenty- 
one years old. 

Frederick's character was full of contra- 
dictions, and his faults were neither few nor 
small; but he was a friend to authors, and 
he encouraged painting. He even attempted 
poetry himself, and most of his verse, which 
was wretched, was written in praise of his 
wife. Augusta's intelligence, her kindness, 
and her virtue, at a time when license and 
immorality abounded, deserved the efforts of 
a better poet. 



52 Virginia County Names 

Augusta was only seventeen when the royal 
yacht, JVilliam and Mary, carried her from 
her home in Saxe-Gotha to become the bride 
of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1736. As 
has been said, Augusta herself never became 
queen of England, but from her have de- 
scended all the sovereigns of England since 
her day. Victoria was her great-grand- 
daughter, and thus Edward VII is her great- 
great-grandson. Augusta lived to see Eng- 
land attain a greater tide of power than she 
had ever before reached, and she died before 
the ebb set in: immense possessions had just 
been wrenched from France in North 
America, and the foundations of Britain's 
power had been securely laid in India. It 
was in 1772, just before the tyranny of 
George III had lost to England the greater 
part of her North American possessions, that 
Augusta died. 

Edward Augustus, second son of Frederick, 
Prince of Wales, was fourteen years old when 
Prince Edward county was named after him 
in 1753. During the splendid and elaborate 
marriage of King George III to Queen Char- 
lotte in 1 76 1, Edward proved very helpful 
to his royal brother by his kindly tact. The 
prince, who seems to have been of a witty and 



Fourteen Hanover Counties 53 

sunshiny disposition, was created Duke of 
York. He never married, and died in 1761, 
at the age of twenty-eight. 

When the Virginians formed a new county 
from Brunswick in 1746, they realized that, 
although the reigning king's wife and various 
members of the royal household had been 
honored in naming Virginia counties, no such 
honor had been paid directly to the king him- 
self. 

The name King George had already been 
given in honor of George I, and Prince 
George was not suitable for a king, besides, 
there was already a Prince George county. 
But the supply of titles by which George II 
could be called was not yet exhausted, and 
accordingly the new county received the name 
of Lunenburg, the English rendering of the 
German Liineburg, for George II, as well as 
his father, George I, was Duke of Bruns- 
wick-Liineburg. This name seems especially 
appropriate when we consider that Lunenburg 
county was taken directly from Brunswick. 
Liineburg and Brunswick were at one time 
separate duchies, but In George II's time they 
constituted a single duchy, Brunswick-Liine- 
burg, and were a part of the kingdom of 
Hanover. 



54 Virginia County Names 

The State of Georgia bears the name of 
George II. 

Three Virginia counties were named to 
honor George I, ten to honor George II, and 
two to honor George III, and both of the 
last were namecl in comphment to Queen 
Charlotte, wife of George III. Both coun- 
ties were taken from Lunenburg, and both 
were formed in 1764. Charlotte county 
takes its name directly from Queen Charlotte. 
Mecklenburg also is named in honor of the 
queen, but indirectly so, for its gets its name 
from the German duchy, or rather grand- 
duchy, of Mecklenburg^-Strelitz, from which 
Charlotte came, and of which her brother was 
the duke. Charlottesville, Va., was founded 
soon after Charlotte became queen, and was 
named in her honor. 

Charlotte Sophia, sister of the Duke of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, married young King 
George III in 1761, and was fifty-seven years 
queen of England. Fifteen children sprang 
from this marriage, and all but two grew up. 
There were nine sons and six daughters; the 
aggregate age of the sons was 494 years; of 

"The German duchy of Mecklenburg is divided into 
the two grandduchies of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Meck- 
linburg-Schwerin. 



Fourteen Hanover Counties 55 

the daughters, 371 years. The average age 
of the fifteen children was ^6 years and 8 
months; twelve attained the age of 50 years, 
ten of these reached 60 years, eight attained 
70 years, and two lived to be 80. The aver- 
age age of George III and 'Queen Charlotte 
was over 75 years. 

Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Lunenburg, and 
Charlotte counties are situated together in 
southern Virginia, just east of the center, and 
are watered by North Carolina streams. 
Prince Edward lies north of Charlotte and 
Lunenburg, and is drained chiefly by Appo- 
mattox waters. Amelia and Cumberland, to 
the northeast of Prince Edward, are sepa- 
rated from each other by the Appomattox 
River; Willis River drains a large part of 
Cumberland county. Hanover separates 
Louisa county from Caroline. The North 
Anna and South Anna rivers drain Louisa, 
flow southeast, and, together with the Pa- 
munkey and Chickahominy, also drain Hen- 
rico. Caroline is watered by the Rappahan- 
nock, Mattapony, and North Anna rivers. 

King George lies on the opposite side of 
the Rappahannock from Caroline, and has 
the Potomac on its northern boundary.' Prince 
William, also adjacent to the Potomac, has 



56 Virginia County Names 

the now famous stream of Bull Run on a part 
of its northern border, while the village of 
Manassas is within its territory. 

Frederick, in the Shenandoah Valley, is 
the most northern county in the State; while 
Augusta, also in the Valley, is the largest 
county in Virginia. 

Mecklenburg county is justly famed for its 
wonderful mineral springs. 

The nine counties named after the Stuarts, 
though small in area, are rich in historical as- 
sociations. James City county contains 
Jamestown, which was the colonial capital 
until it was burned in Bacon's Rebellion in 
1676; and it also contains Williamsburg, 
which became the capital in 1699, and so con- 
tinued until it was succeeded by Richmond, in 
1779. Henrico owes much of its historical 
interest to its chief city, Richmond, the capi- 
tal of the State and also of the Confederacy 
during most of the Civil War of 1861-65. 
President Tyler died in Richmond, and Presi- 
dent Monroe is buried there, in the beautiful 
Hollywood cemetery. It seems rather strange 
that Charles City county, which contains only 
183 square miles, should have been the birth- 
place of William Henry Harrison and of 
John Tyler, who became President and Vice- 



Fourteen Hanover Counties 57 

President respectively of the United States In 
1 841. Tyler became President a month later, 
at Harrison's death. 

Orange Is probably the most Interesting 
historically of the three counties named after 
the House of Orange. In Orange President 
Madison died, and there President Taylor 
was born. 

Among the Hanover counties, Hanover 
Itself gave birth to Patrick Henry and to 
Henry Clay. King George was the birth- 
place of President Madison. Prince William 
county makes the old Confederate soldier 
thrill with pride as he remembers the two bril- 
liant victories of First and Second Manassas. 



PART III 

OTHER NAMES FROM 
ENGLAND 



THIRTEEN COUNTIES NAMED AFTER PROMI- 
NENT ENGLISHMEN 

WARWICK, Original shire, 1634 

SOUTHAMPTON, Organized 1748 

NORTHAMPTON Original shire, 1634 

RICHMOND, Organized 1692 

FAIRFAX, Organized 1742 

ALBEMARLE, Organized 1744 

LOUDOUN, Organized 1757 

AMHERST, Organized 1761 

CHESTERFIELD, Organized 1748 

HALIFAX, Organized 1752 

PITTSYLVANIA, Organized 1767 

GREENVILLE, Organized 1780 

ROCKINGHAM, Organized 1777 



CHAPTER VI 

THIRTEEN COUNTIES NAMED AFTER PROMI- 
NENT ENGLISHMEN 

Eleven Virginia counties, and more prob- 
ably thirteen, are named in honor of various 
prominent Englishmen that lived during the 
days when Virginia was a colony. With re- 
gard to the naming of Richmond and Green- 
ville counties, there attaches considerable 
doubt; hence I have adopted the explanation 
that seems to me most probable. 

Assuming that all thirteen of the counties 
were named as I suppose, the explanations 
will be as follows : two counties, Warwick and 
Southampton, were named after two English 
earls, members of the London Company for 
Virginia; Northampton is named after an 
English earl killed in fighting for King 
Charles I ; Richmond county takes the name 
of an English duke; Fairfax is named in 
honor of an Englishman who owned extensive 
tracts of land in Virginia; Albemarle, Lou- 
doun, and Amherst counties are named after 
English generals; and Chesterfield, Halifax, 

(63) 



64 Virginia County Names 

Pittsylvania, Greenville, and Rockingham re- 
produce the names of English statesmen. 

Warwick county, one of the original shires 
and at first called Warwick River county, is 
named after Robert Rich,^ the second Earl 
of Warwick, who was a prominent member 
of the London Company for Virginia. Rich 
obtained celebrity in the Civil War, was ad- 
miral for the Long Parliament, and enjoyed 
the confidence of Cromwell. He died in 
1659, the year before the monarchy was re- 
stored. 

Southampton county derives its name indi- 
rectly from Henry Wriothesley, third Earl 
of Southampton;^ for the "hundred" of 
Southampton, a division of the colony smaller 
than the county, was named in the earl's 
honor while he was treasurer for the London 
Company. The county itself did not receive 
the earl's name until 124 years after his 
death. 

Wriothesley is said to have been especially 
active in procuring for Virginia the first char- 
ter of the London Company; and the second 

^Dr, B. W. Green is authority for this, though I had 
already thought it probably the origin of the county name. 

^Dr. Green says the county is named after the earl ; so 
also Bishop Meade. I had already learned that the "hun- 
dred" took the earl's name, 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 65 

charter of the company made him treasurer, 
which then virtually meant governor, for the 
company. He held this office until the com- 
pany was dissolved in 1624. A few months 
later he died of a fever that was contracted 
while he was engaged in an expedition 
against the Dutch. The Earl of Southamp- 
ton, to whom Shakespeare dedicated "Venus 
and Adonis" and the "Rape of Lucrece," is 
the only man from whom Shakespeare ac- 
knowledeges having received a benefit. A 
son of Shakespeare's friend became the fourth 
Earl of Southampton, and was Treasurer of 
England during the first seven years of 
Charles IPs reign. 

Northampton county was one of the eight 
original shires into which Virginia was di- 
vided in 1634. Its name until 1642-43 was 
"Accawmacke," called from the name of an 
Indian tribe that lived on the "Eastern 
Shore," which is that part of Virginia lying 
between the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic 
Ocean, and containing the counties of Acco- 
mac and Northampton. The county name of 
Accomac was revived in 1672, when North- 
ampton county was divided, and the northern 
part called Accomac. 

The Eastern Shore county of "Accaw- 



66 Virginia County Names 

macke" doubtless had its name changed in 
1643 'to honor the memory of a brave Roy- 
alist, Spencer Compton, second Earl of 
Northampton, who that year gave his life in 
the cause of King Charles I. This explana- 
tion of the name is original with me, but the 
enthusiastic loyalty of the Virginians to the 
royal cause and the fact that the name was 
changed at a time when the colonists would 
be wanting to show their loyalty, make it al- 
most certain that the death of the earl and 
the naming of the county in the same year 
stand in the relation of cause and effect. 

Spencer Compton,^ second Earl of North- 
ampton, born in May, 1601, a partisan of 
Charles in his struggle with Parliament, served 
actively in the royal army, and, while com- 
manding the royal troops, was killed at the 
battle of Hopton Heath, March 19, 1643. 

It is interesting to note that the North 
Carolina* county of Northampton was named 
in 1 74 1 in honor of George, probably the 
fourth Earl of Northampton. Spencer 
Compton, third son of the third Earl of 
Northampton, was created Viscount Pevensy 
and Earl of Wilmington in 1730 — ^whence 

^"Century Cyclopdia of Names." 
*Spencer's N. C. History, appendix. 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 67 

probably the name of the city of Wilmington, 
North Carolina. 

Of course the county of Northampton in 
Virginia could have been named after the 
English shire of the same name, and a writer 
In the Virginia Magazine of History and 
Biography^ gives this origin of the name. 
He states that the name is said to have been 
changed from Accomac in honor of Colonel 
Obedience Robins, who was from Long- 
buckie, in Northampton, England. 

As has been said, the origin of Richmond 
county's name is very doubtful. There is no 
English shire after which it could have been 
named. The beautiful city of Richmond^ on 
the Thames gave the name to the present cap- 
ital of Virginia, but there is no reason to be- 
lieve that the Virginia county got is name 
from the English city. There remains the 
possibility that the county may take the name 
of some English Earl or Duke of Richmond, 
living, or in public remembrance, at the time 
the county was named. 

Such a nobleman was Charles Lennox, first 
Duke of Richmond and a natural son of King 

^Vol. ix., No, I, p. 94; reference through Dr. B. W. 
Green. 

^Howe's "Virginia," p. 305. 



68 Virginia County Names 

Charles II. The duke was born in 1672, 
and was therefore twenty years old when, In 
1692, the old county of Rappahannock was 
divided into the two new counties of Rich- 
mond and Essex, and itself ceased to exist. 
The present county of Rappahannock has no 
relation to the former one, except that it bears 
the same name. 

Macaulay, in his "History of England," 
relates that King Charles on his death-bed 
parted with peculiar tenderness from the 
Duke of Richmond. At the Revolution of 
1688 Richmond went to Paris in the service 
of the fugitive James, but later, changing 
both his politics and his religion, he became 
reconciled to King William and entered the 
Church of England. William's wife was a 
daughter of James, and Anne, another daugh- 
ter, was, with the exception of the king and 
queen, probably the most prominent charac- 
ter at court. In 1691 a county had been 
named after the king and queen jointly and 
another county had received Princess Anne's 
name.. It seems, therefore, not unlikely that 
the county of Richmond, formed in 1692, re- 
ceived the name of the Duke of Richmond, 
who was so closely connected with the royal 
family of England, and whose reconciliation 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 69 

with the king doubtless attracted the attention 
of the colonists in Virginia. I do not, un- 
fortunately, know the date of the reconcilia- 
tion, but, as the duke was "an unprincipled 
adventurer,"" he most likely had gone over 
to William before 1692. Richmond died in 
England in 1723. 

In connection with the Virginia county, it is 
interesting to note that the North Carolina 
county of Richmond, formed In 1779, was 
named after Charles Lennox, third Duke of 
Richmond (and probably a grandson of the 
first Duke of Richmond), who was a friend 
of the colonies In the English Parliament. 
A descendant of the first Duke of Richmond 
was Governor-General of Canada for some 
years during the latter part of the nineteenth 
century. 

Thomas, the sixth Baron of Fairfax, was 
born In England in 1691, and died In 1782 
at his large country mansion, "Greenway 
Court," twelve miles from Winchester, Va. 
He came to Virginia in 1739, but soon re- 
turned to England. In 1742, during his ab- 
sence from Virginia, a part of his estates was 
organized Into a county and named Fairfax 
In his honor. In 1745 Lord Fairfax settled 

^"Century Cyclopedia of Names," under Charles Lennox. 



70 Virginia County Names 

permanently on his Virginia lands. Sixteen 
of the present counties of the State^ — Lan- 
caster, Northumberland, Richmond, West- 
moreland, Stafford, King George, Prince Wil- 
liam, Fairfax, Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpeper, 
Clarke, Madison, Page, Shenandoah, and 
Frederick — and the seven West Virginia 
counties of Hampshire, Hardy, Morgan, Ber- 
keley, Jefferson, Grant, and Mineral, be- 
longed to the cultivated and hospitable old 
bachelor. 

Lord Fairfax employed young Washing- 
ton to make surveys on his vast domain, and 
the two men formed a strong and lifelong 
friendship for each other. Sir Thomas's 
home was often the resort of guests, and 
his friendliness and generosity made him uni- 
versally esteemed. During the Revolution 
he remained loyal to George III, but neither 
American nor Briton would harm the prop- 
erty of the genial old gentleman. 

Albemarle county, organized in 1744, was 
named after William Anne Keppel, second 
Earl of Albemarle, who had been appointed 
Governor-in-chief of Virginia seven years be- 
fore. The earl never occupied the govem- 

^Footnote, p. 236, Howe's "Virginia History." Grant 
and Mineral counties in West Virginia have been organ- 
ized from Hampshire and Hardy since Howe wrote. 



Thirteen Named After Engllsliinen 71 

or's chair, and Virginia was under deputy 
governors during the seventeen years that he 
was nominally her chief executive. 

Keppel was born in England in 1702; at 
fifteen years of age was made captain in the 
English army, and was successively promoted 
for meritorious conduct until 1743, when he 
became Lieutenant-General. His excellent 
military record doubtless led to his being 
made governor of Virginia. 

The Earl of Loudoun and General Am- 
herst, prominent officers of the French and 
Indian War, were his successors in the guber- 
natorial office, though, like Keppel, neither of 
them actually performed the functions of that 
office. Lord Albemarle had a fine figure and 
courtly manners, but his habits were so ex- 
travagant that he was kept heavily in debt. 
He died in Paris at the age of fifty-two. 

Keppel must not be confused with General 
George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who re- 
stored the Stuarts to the throne in 1660. The 
duke was one of the eight original grantees of 
Carolina, and his name still lives in the North 
Carolina Albemarle Sound. 

In 1757, when Loudoun county® was 
formed, Lord Loudoun was commander of 

*There is a Loudon county, Tennessee, and the Vir- 
ginia county is sometimes incorrectly spelled without the u. 



72 Virginia County Names 

the British troops in America, and hence his 
name is given to one of the fairest of Vir- 
ginia counties. Loudoun had been appointed 
governor of Virginia in the same year, but his 
military duties in the North prevented him 
from assuming the office. He proved, how- 
ever, an utterly incompetent general. After 
he had left northern New York almost de- 
fenseless in order to increase the army he was 
leading against the strong French fortress at 
Louisburg, the enemy gained important suc- 
cesses on the unprotected frontier. Loudoun's 
efforts resulted in no advantage to the Brit- 
ish, for he did not deem his forces strong 
enough to carry on the siege, and so the 
English retired from Louisburg without ac- 
complishing anything. 

Very different was the military career of 
General Amherst, whom Pitt, the new Eng- 
lish Prime Minister, appointed in Loudoun's 
place in 1758. Louisburg was soon taken, 
and the English arms were nearly every- 
where successful. The fall of Quebec in 
1760 virtually ended the war, and, by the 
terms of the treaty of peace made in 1763, 
the French yielded to the English all their 
territory in North America except several 
small islands near Newfoundland. Am- 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 73 

herst county's name, which was given in 1761, 
fairly indicates the joyful pride that Virginia 
felt in the successful general. Amherst was 
appointed governor of Virginia in 1763, but 
he did not assume the office, and hence Fau- 
quier continued to serve. 

In 1748, when the Earl of Chesterfield had 
just ended his brilliant public career in Great 
Britain, the Virginia county was named in his 
honor. The earl had been many years both 
in the House of Commons and in the House 
of Lords, but his greatest political success 
was his able administration as Lord-Lieuten- 
ant of Ireland. His courtly grace and pol- 
ished dignity made "Chesterfield manners" 
proverbial; and to say that one is a "regular 
Lord Chesterfield" is merely an emphatic 
way of affirming a complete fulfilment of the 
laws of etiquette. Chesterfield lived twenty- 
five years after his retirement to private life, 
and spent much of his time in correspondence. 
His letters, ^^ like his manners, are models of 
style. 

In 1749 the English Earl of Halifax 
founded in Nova Scotia the famous seaport 

'"Chesterfield's letters are valuable also as original 
sources of history. They give an inner picture of court 
life and of the royal family. 



74 Virginia County Names 

city that bears his name. The county that 
contains the city is also called Halifax, in 
honor of the earl. Three years later Vir- 
ginia followed Nova Scotia's example by or- 
ganizing a Halifax county also. In 1758 
North Carolina, too, named a county after 
the Earl of Halifax. 

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, was hardly 
surpassed in popularity or influence by any 
English statesman of the eighteenth century, 
though William Gladstone held nearly the 
same place in English hearts in the nineteenth 
century that William Pitt did 140 years ago. 
Nearly half of Pitt's seventy years of life was 
spent in public service, and the successful 
termination of the war in Canada in 1763 
was due to his sound judgment in the choice 
of generals. Pitt's part in securing the repeal 
of the odious Stamp Act of 1766 was so well 
known that the General Assemblies of Massa- 
chusetts and Virginia gave him a vote of 
thanks for his efforts in their behalf. The 
grateful Virginians named Pittsylvania 
county after him the next year, and its county 
seat is called Chatham, from the earl's title. 
The city of Pittsburg in Pennsylvania is also 
named after William Pitt. 

Greenville (sometimes spelled Green-es- 



Thirteen Named After Englishmeii 75 

vllle) county was formed in the latter part of 
1780. I am divided between two explana- 
tions of the name, as it may come either from 
Sir Richard Temple Grenville, sometimes 
spelled Greenville, a brother-in-law of Wil- 
liam Pitt, or from General Nathaniel Greene, 
of Revolutionary fame. Both explanations 
have much to recommend them, and while I 
credit the name to the English nobleman, I 
regard it equally as probable that it should be 
credited to the Revolutionary patriot. 

A sketch of General Greene is given else- 
where," and a few words must suffice here. 
After ably fulfilling the duties of quarter- 
master-general of the Revolutionary army for 
two years, Greene was transferred to the com- 
mand of the army in the South in the autumn 
of 1780. In October of that year he had 
presided over the tribunal that convicted the 
brave but unfortunate Andre. At the time 
that Greenville county was formed, the name 
of General Greene was already loved and 
honored in the South, and his movements 
were eagerly and anxiously watched by the 
patriotic Virginians. What Greene did or 
failed to do was going to mean much to the 
South and to Virginia, much to the very ex- 

Pp. 113-114. 



76 Virginia County Names 

istence of the nation. What man could Vir- 
ginia at that time more fittingly honor in the 
naming of a new county ?^^ 

Sir Richard Temple Grenville was born in 
171 1, and after an active life in politics, dur- 
ing which he showed himself to be a friend 
to liberty, he died in 1779, one year before 
the Virginia county of Greenville was formed. 
He was a brother-in-law of William Pitt, 
who had died in 1778, and was a patron of 
John Wilkes, the English politician and po- 
litical agitator who became a popular hero by 
his fearless attacks on the English ministry 
and King George III. Wilkes, after being 
several times elected to Parliament and kept 
from taking his seat on the ground that he 
was ineligible, was elected and seated in 1774, 
and continued in Parliament until 1790. In 
1777 Wilkes county. North Carolina, was 
named after the English friend of liberty. 
In addition to his connection, private and po- 
litical, with William Pitt, so highly esteemed 
in the colonies, and his friendship for John 
Wilkes, Grenville was supposed by many to 
have been the author of the "Letters of Ju- 
nius," that were such masterly attacks on the 

^^The county clerk of Greenville, 1895, unhesitatingly 
said that the county was named after General Greene. 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 77 

English government at a time when the col- 
onies were feeling the weight of English op- 
pression. 

The probability that the Virginia county 
was named after Sir Richard Grenville is 
heightened by the fact that North Carolina, 
in 1777, named three counties, Burke, Cam- 
den, and Wilkes, after English friends to the 
colonies, and in 1779 named Richmond 
county after another English friend. 

The chief objection to the theory that 
Greenville county is named after General 
Greene is that the county is named Greenville, 
and not Greene. A further objection is the 
fact that in 1838 Virginia named Greene 
county in honor of the Revolutionary patriot, 
which she would hardly have done if one Vir- 
ginia county were already named after 
Greene. It is, of course, possible that the 
older county was named in honor of the gen- 
eral, and that this fact was forgotten or over- 
looked when the new county was named. 

The Marquis of Rockingham, after whom 
the Virginia county was named in 1777, was 
far inferior to William Pitt in ability; yet, 
as the leader of the liberal party among the 
aristocrats in England, he proved himself to 
be the true friend of America. He was 



78 Virginia County Names 

Prime Minister of England in 1765-66, and, 
from that time, headed the opposition to the 
war ministry of Lord North. In 1782, when 
the party in favor of making peace with 
America came into power, Rockingham be- 
came Prime Minister again, but died a few 
months after assuming the office. 

These thirteen counties are pretty widely 
scattered throughout the State. Loudoun 
and Fairfax are the most northern of them, 
and are watered by Potomac streams. Fair- 
fax is rendered more attractive when it is re- 
membered that Mount Ve'rnon, the home and 
burial place of Washington, is within its bor- 
ders. At Oak Hill in Loudoun county is the 
home where President Monroe resided for 
part of the time after his retirement from the 
Presidency. 

Rockingham Is a large county that lies be- 
tween the Blue Ridge and Great North moun- 
tains In the Shenandoah Valley, and it Is 
drained by waters that enter the beautiful 
Shenandoah River. 

Albemarle, In north-central Virginia, has 
beautiful mountain and river scenery. In this 
county Is Charlottesville, which contains the 
University of Virginia. This institution, 
which was founded by Thomas Jefferson, has 



Thiileen Named After Englislimen 79 

long held the first place among Southern unir 
versitles. Jefferson was bom In Albemarle,! 
and also died there; and near Charlottesville \ 
Is Montlcello, his home and burial place. Al- 
bemarle produces excellent grapes, and the 
"Albemarle pippin" Is probably more widely 
and favorably known than any other apple. 

In 1842, when Mr. Andrew Stevenson, a 
citizen of Albemarle county, represented the 
United States at the English court, he caused 
several barrels of Albemarle pippins to be 
presented to Queen Victoria. ^^ From that 
time until her death the pippin was the apple 
eaten at the Court of St. James' ; and It may 
be that King Edward keeps up the custom 
of his mother. At any rate, the pippin has 
a wonderful popularity In England now. 
Mr. C. E. Sydnor, the Richmond fruit ex- 
pert, received, In the summer of 1907, an or- 
der from a wholesale fruit merchant of Eng- 
land for 20,000 barrels of pippins. This 
order, at $6.50 a barrel In London, would 
represent about $130,000. Sydnor also re- 
ceived an order from Copenhas^en, Denmark, 
for 5000 barrels of pippins. Some years ago 
a university student sent as a Christmas pres- 

"Charlottesville Daily Progress, July 9, 1907. 



80 Virginia County Names 

ent a barrel of choice pippins from Char- 
lottesville to his sweetheart in Louisiana. He 
took the writer with him to help select the 
apples, and the two sampled the fruit before 
it was shipped. Well, if those apples didn't 
win that girl, she must be proof against all the 
wiles of crafty lovers ! 

Amherst county has the Blue Ridge on its 
northwestern border, while the James River 
adjoins it on the south for a distance of fifty 
miles. ^* 

Pittsylvania and Halifax counties lie to- 
gether on the North Carolina border, and are 
watered by the Staunton and the Dan rivers. 
Both are unusually large counties, and Pittsyl- 
vania is exceeded in population by Henrico 
and Norfolk only. 

Chesterfield is southeast of the State's 
center, and is surrounded on all except its 
northwest side by the James and Appomattox 
rivers. Matoaca, a town of seven hundred in- 
habitants on the north bank of the Appomat- 
tox not far from Petersburg, bears a private 
name of Pocahontas, ^^ the Indian princess. 
Matoaca was the early home of John Ran- 



^^Whitehead's "Virginia Handbook," p. 203, 
^^Howe's "Virginia," p. 229. 



Thirteen Named After Englishmen 81 

dolph of Roanoke. Numerous Indian relics 
have been found there, and the place seems to 
have been a favorite resort with the Indians. 
Indeed, we assume that Pocohontas herself 
must have loved the neighborhood, for not far 
from Matoaca is a small place, not a post of- 
fice, but a station on the Seaboard Air Line 
Railroad, called Pocahontas; and in Amelia 
county is Mattoax, which is simply another 
rendering of the Indian girl's name. 

Warwick and Southampton counties are in 
southern Virginia, with the Isle of Wight 
county between them. Warwick county is in 
the southeastern part of the peninsula formed 
by the James and York rivers. Its original 
name was Warwick River county,^^ though 
the "River" was dropped before 1672. The 
county has greatly increased in population 
since Newport News began its growth. 

Southampton county is drained by the 
Meherrin, Nottoway, and Blackwater rivers. 
In Southampton occurred a slave insurrection 
under Nat Turner in 1 83 1 . Fifty-nine whites 
were murdered in cold blood, most of them 
women and children. The rising was 
promptly suppressed and Turner and about a 

^^Martin's "Virginia Gazeteer," p. 288. 



82 Virginia County Names 

dozen of his followers were hanged. The 
negro leader claimed to have received revela- 
tions from heaven directing him to the step. 
The outbreak was not caused by cruelty of 
the whites to their slaves, for Turner con- 
fessed that his master treated him kindly. 

As has been said, Northampton county is 
the southern part of the "Eastern Shore" of 
Virginia, Accomac comprising the northern 
part. Sulgrave, the ancestral home of the 
Washingtons, is in Northampton. 

Richmond, In the "Northern Neck," the 
peninsula formed by the Potomac and Rappa- 
hannock rivers, is hemmed in by the Rappa- 
hannock River and by Westmoreland, North- 
umberland, and Lancaster counties. 

Greenville county, on the North Carolina 
line, separates Brunswick from Sussex and 
Southampton, and Is watered by the Meherrin 
and Nottoway rivers. 



TWELVE COUNTIES NAMED AFTER ENGLISH 

SHIRES. 

NEW KENT, -....Organized 1654 

SURRY, Organized 1652 

NORFOLK, Organized 1691 

SUSSEX, Organized 1754 

BUCKINGHAM, Organized 1761 

BEDFORD, Organized 1753 

STAFFORD, Organized 1666 

WESTMORELAND, Organized 1653 

NORTHUMBERLAND, Organized 1 648 

LANCASTER, Organized 1651 

ESSEX, Organized 1692 

MIDDLESEX, Organized 1675 



CHAPTER VII 

TWELVE COUNTIES NAMED AFTER ENGLISH 

SHIRES 

Seventeen Virginia counties have names 
that correspond to those of shires in England. 
Five of these names, however, are probably 
derived from titles of nobility with which 
prominent Englishmen were honored. Glou- 
cester and York were nearly certainly named 
after two^ of King Charles I's sons, Henry, 
Duke of Gloucester, and James, Duke of 
York. Cumberland county is named after 
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland and son 
of George II, King of England; Warwick 
county- takes its name from the Earl of War- 
wick, a prominent member of the London 
Company for Virginia, and Northampton 
county^ is nearly certainly named after Spen- 
cer Compton, Earl of Northampton, who fell 
fighting for King Charles in the civil war 
of 1642-49. Bedford county, too, may possi- 

'See antea, pp. 34-35. ^See antea, p. 64. 'See aniea, p. 66, 

(85) 



86 Virginia County Names 

bly be named after an English duke, though 
it is classed among the counties named after 
the English shires. 

Of the remaining twelve counties given in 
the list above, the names of two, New Kent 
and Surry, can be traced with certainty. 

New Kent is so named from the shire of 
Kent in England, and is a small tidewater 
county north of Henrico and Charles City. 
There are five Kent counties in the United 
States: in Rhode Island, Delaware, Mary- 
land, Michigan, and Texas; and it is almost 
safe to assume that the first three names are 
taken directly from the English shire, for 
these are old colonial counties and named 
when the States were loyal to England. 

In New Kent county, on the banks of the 
Pamunkey River, is the mansion called the 
"White House," which occupies the site of 
the one in which Washington was married. 

About ^Yt miles from the mouth of Ware 
Creek, a tributary of the York River, and 
twenty-two miles from Jamestown, stand the 
ruins of the "The Old Stone House."^ This 
building, though not completed, was strongly 
made and well suited for defense. Captain 

^Campbell's "History of Virginia," p. 74. 



Twelve Named After English Shires 87 

John Smith describes just such a fort that was 
partly built in 1608-09, but never finished, be- 
cause the workmen had to stop building in 
order to provide a food supply/ If this 
be Captain Smith's fort, it is probably the 
oldest building erected by the English in 
America. 

Surry county takes its name from the shire 
of Surrey, spelled with an e in England*^ 
The only other Surry county in the United 
States is in North Carolina, which State fol- 
lows Virginia in leaving out the original e. 
The North Carolina county is named after 
the English shire/ Surry is on the south 
bank of the James River, between Isle of 
Wight on the east and Prince George on the 
west. The Blackwater River receives the 
drainage of the county on the southwest. 

Nearly all of the twelve counties that we 
may assume to have been named after the 
shires of England are tidewater counties, and 
ten of them were named before 1700. Buck- 
ingham and Bedford are the only ones con- 



^Howe's "Virginia History," pp. 390-392; Smith's "Vir- 
ginia," Vol. iii. p. 227. 

•^Dr. B. W. Green supports me in this view. 

'J. C. D. in Appendix Mrs. Cornelia P. Spencer's North 
Carolina History. 



88 Virginia County Names 

taining mountains. Five of the thirteen — 
Norfolk, Sussex, Buckingham, Bedford, and 
Surry — lie south of the James. Surry has al- 
ready been discussed. 

Norfolk and Sussex are flat counties of 
southeastern Virginia. 

Norfolk, bordering on North Carolina, 
contains the cities of Norfolk and Ports- 
mouth, which are opposite each other on the 
Elizabeth River, and are noted for their ex- 
cellent harbors. The great Jamestown Expo- 
sition of 1907, held in Norfolk from lack of 
accommodations at Jamestown, but which 
commemorated the three hundredth anniver- 
sary of the landing of the English at James- 
town, has done much to make this part of Vir- 
ginia famous. 

Norfolk was the second county^ of the State 
in population in 1900, but is now undoubtedly 
first. The farmers there are unsurpassed for 
industry and thrift, and agriculture is fol- 
lowed in a highly scientific manner. The 
market for vegetables is the earliest in the 
State, and the "trucking" trade is a source of 

^Henrico, with Richmond in it, was first in 1900, but 
Norfolk county gained on Henrico 3,500 population a year 
between 1890 and 1900, and in 1900 was only a8i be- 
hind. 



Twelve Named After English Shires 89 

great wealth. Fish and oysters of excellent 
quality are abundant, and a large trade in 
them is carried on. 

Norfolk and Nansemond (to the west of 
Norfolk) counties contain the northern part 
of the Dismal Swamp; and Lake Drum- 
mond, so noted for the purity of its water, is 
about equally divided between the two 
counties. 

Sussex county, a southwest extension of 
Surry county, from which it was formed, is 
watered by the Nottoway and Blackwater 
rivers. Peanuts and cotton are raised, and 
the yellow pine furnishes valuable lumber. 

Buckingham county is centrally located, 
and the James River forms its northern 
border. The soil of the river "low-grounds" 
is very rich, and the scenery, viewed from the 
bluffs on the James, is beautiful. Gold is 
mined here, though not extensively. 

Bedford, with the James on its northeast 
border, and with tributaries of the Staunton 
River furnishing an abundant water supply 
elsewhere, is hardly surpassed in beauty of 
scenery by any Virginia county. The Peaks 
of Otter, with their extended view, are ob- 
jects of great interest to the tourist. The 
hotel on the summit of Sharp Top, which is 



90 Virginia County Names 

the peak commanding the best view, is gener- 
ally open from May i to October 15. The 
number of guests that visit the hotel is large, 
and seems to be steadily increasing. The 
mountain air is peculiarly invigorating, and 
produces a keen appetite. 

As has been intimated,^ Bedford county 
may have been named after an English duke, 
John Russell, fourth Duke of Bedford. The 
duke was born in 17 10, and at the time Bed- 
ford county was formed, 1753, was well 
known in the public life of England. He had 
been for three years Secretary of State, 1748- 
175 1, and it is quite possible that the Virgin- 
ians named Bedford county in his honor two 
years after he retired from his high position. 
All four of the Virginia counties named in 
the three years 1752-3-4 have names of Eng- 
lish origin: Halifax, in 1752, after an Eng- 
lish earl; Prince Edward, in 1753, after a 
son of the Prince of Wales; Bedford, in 
1753, after the English shire or after the 
English duke; Sussex, in 1754, after an 
English shire. The Duke of Bedford was 
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1756-61, and 
died in 1771, after holding several other high 
positions. 

'•P. 86. 



Twelve Named After English Shires 91 

Of the six other counties named after Eng- 
lish shires, three — Stafford, Westmoreland, 
and Northumberland — are separated from 
Maryland by the Potomac; three — Lancas- 
ter, Essex, and Middlesex — lie along the 
banks of the Rappahannock. 

With regard to fivQ of these counties, there 
is hardly any doubt that they take their names 
from the shires in England; but Stafford 
county may have been named in another way, 
though in my classification I place it among 
the counties named after shires. 

Stafford county was formed in 1666 while 
William Howard, Viscount Stafford, was 
prominent at the English court; and it may 
have been named after the English viscount 
instead of after the English shire. Howard 
was brought up a Roman Catholic, and was 
a Royalist during the civil war, though he 
was often in opposition after the monarchy 
was restored. He was executed for treason in 
1680, on testimony gathered by Titus Oates. 
He protested his innocence to the last, and 
there is good reason to believe his protests. 

Stafford, in northern Virginia, is watered 
by the Potomac and Rappahannock. Like 
the other counties bordering on tidewater 
Potomac, Stafford has an abundance of fish. 



92 Virginia County Names 

Westmoreland is between King George and 
Northumberland on the Potomac, and the 
Rappahannock is a part of its southwest bor- 
der. Westmoreland is famous as the birth- 
place of great men. Here were born Wash- 
ington and Monroe, each of whom served 
eight years as President of the United States. 
In this county is Stratford, the capacious man- 
sion built for Thomas Lee,^^ the first native- 
born American that became governor of Vir- 
ginia. In Stratford were born Richard Henry 
Lee and Francis Lightfoot Lee, distinguished 
signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
The great Confederate chieftain, Robert Ed- 
ward Lee, was also born in this house. Gen- 
eral Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee, 
was also a native of Westmoreland. 

Northumberland and Lancaster counties 
adjoin the Chesapeake Bay, and carry on a 
vigorous trucking trade by means of the ves- 
sels that ply the bay and the Potomac and 
Rappahannock rivers. 

Essex and Middlesex are two small tide- 
water counties on the south bank of the Rap- 
pahannock; the two counties together have 
an area of only 433 square miles, about the 
average area of a single county. 



A COUNTY NAMED AFTER AN ENGLISH 
ISLAND 

ISLE OF WIGHT, Organized 1634 



CHAPTER VIII 

A COUNTY NAMED AFTER AN ENGLISH 
ISLAND 

The shire of Hants, sometimes called 
Hampshire, furnished the names for two Vir- 
ginia counties. In 1754 Virginia had a 
county organized and called Hampshire, after 
the English shire itself. This county, now 
greatly reduced in size, is the oldest county 
within the limits of the present State of West 
Virginia. One of the New England States 
also is named after the English shire. 

The Isle of Wight, near the mainland of 
England, is a part of Hants, a shire in the 
southern part of England. The county in 
southeastern Virginia probably received its 
name from this Isle of Wight.^ The present 
name of the county was adopted in 1637, but 
for the first three years of its existence the 
county was called Warrosquyoake ;^ also 
spelled Warrasqueake. Warrosquyoake is 
the name of an Indian tribe whose king 

^My theory supported by Dr. B. W. Green. 
^Cooke's "Virginia," pp. 50-51. 

(95) 



96 Virginia County Names 

warned Captain Smith that Powhatan was 
not to be trusted too much, even if appear- 
ances should indicate that no harm was medi- 
tated. Smith was just then going to visit 
Powhatan in order to procure corn. Pow- 
hatan tried hard to get Captain Smith into his 
power, but the Englishman was too good a 
strategist to be deceived by the pretensions of 
the Indian. Smithfield, the principal town of 
the county, was established in 1752, and takes 
its name from Arthur Smith, the original 
owner of the land.^ Near Smithfield is an 
old church, which is said to have been built 
by Sir Joseph Bridger in 1632. The church 
was originally a splendid structure, and for 
many years it stood in ruins, but has lately 
been repaired, and is used by the Methodist 
Episcopal Church South. 

Among other industries, Smithfield con- 
tains the largest establishment in the State de- 
voted to the peanut trade. 

^Whitehead's "Virginia Handbook," p. 266. 



PART IV 

AMERICAN WARRIORS AND 
STATESMEN 



COUNTIES NAMED AFTER ELEVEN REVOLU- 
TIONARY PATRIOTS 

BLAND, Organized i86i 

CAMPBELL, Organized 1781 

CARROLL, Organized 1842 

CLARKE, Organized 1836 

FRANKLIN, Organized 1785 

GREENE, Organized 1838 

MATTHEWS, Organized 1790 

MONTGOMERY, Organized 1776 

PULASKI, Organized 1839 

RUSSELL, Organized 1785 

WARREN, Organized 1837 



CHAPTER IX 

COUNTIES NAMED AFTER ELEVEN REVOLU- 
TIONARY PATRIOTS 

Virginia played a leading part in the 
American Revolution, and the geographical 
names she then bestowed clearly indicate the 
zeal she manifested in the struggle for inde- 
pendence. Of the eleven counties formed 
during the ten years beginning in 1776, six^ 
bear the names of Revolutionary patriots, 
while one — Rockingham — is named after an 
English statesman who opposed England's 
hostile course towards the colonies. Virginia 
now has eleven counties named after Revo- 
lutionary patriots. Five of the eleven derive 
their names from natives of Virginia, and a 
brief sketch of these Virginians follows im- 
mediately below. 

In 1 86 1, when Bland county was organ- 
ized from Wythe, Tazewell, and Giles coun- 
ties, the people of Virginia were feeling very 
much as they did during the troublous times 

^Seven, if Greenville county is named after General 
Nathaniel Greene. See pp. 75-76. 

(loi) 



102 Virginia County Names 

at the beginning of the Revolution. In the 
days preceding the Revolution the colony of 
Virginia was suffering under the oppressive 
measures of a mother government that was 
disregarding the rights of her individual 
daughter colonies. In the days preceding the 
struggle of 1861-65 the State of Virginia was 
smarting under the helplessness of a central 
government that could not protect her indi- 
vidual rights as a State.^ In the days be- 
fore Lexington, Virginia was fearing an 
armed invasion from the soldiers of England; 
in the days before Sumter,^ Virginia was fear- 
ing an armed invasion from the soldiers of 
the United States. 

Wythe, Tazewell, and Giles counties were 
all named after American patriots that had 
signally emphasized their love for independ- 
ence and for freedom from external interfer- 
ence in matters pertaining to local self-gov- 
ernment. The county that was being taken 

^Many Northern States had passed laws, in opposition 
to the United States law, that prevented Virginia and 
other Southern States from recovering runaway slaves. 
If the central government could not protect the individual 
States of the South in one domestic institution, — slavery, — 
was it not natural for the South to suppose that other 
States' rights were also in danger? 

^Bland was organized March 26, Sumter was attacked 
April 13. 



After Eleven Patriots 103 

from these three counties must also, In its 
name, emphasize Virginia's love for inde- 
pendence and for State sovereignty. Thus 
it came about that Virginia, in the troublous, 
soul-stirring times of 1861, named Bland 
county* after the patriotic Virginian and 
American, Richard Bland. 

Richard Bland, of Jordan's Point, Prince 
George county, was one of the most eminent 
statesmen of the Revolutionary period. He 
was of the same lineage as Giles Bland,^ who 
had perished as a martyr to liberty after 
Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 had been crushed; 
and in his veins flowed the blood of the kingly 
Powhatan. Bland's services to his State^ and 
his country were neither few nor unimportant. 
He was long a member of the House of Bur- 
gesses, he belonged to the Committee of Cor- 
respondence in 1773, was one of the seven 
delegates'^ from Virginia to the General Con- 
gress that met in Philadelphia September 5, 

*The county clerk of Bland, 1895, suggested that the 
county was named after a Mr, Bland who was instru- 
mental in having the county organized. 

^Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. v. p. 43. 

*Then a colony. 

'The other delegates were Peyton Randolph, Richard 
Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Benja- 
min Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton. 



104 Virginia County Nam^§ 

1774, and was on the Committee of Safety 
in 1775-76. Only the infirmities of old age 
prevented his serving as a delegate to a Gen- 
eral Congress in 1775. John Esten Cooke^ 
thus describes the old patriot : "Richard Bland, 
an old man nearly blind and wearing a band- 
age over his eyes, the author of the 'Enquiry 
into the Rights of the American Colonies,' 
and called the Virginia Antiquary . . ." 
Bland early and vigorously expressed his be- 
lief that the American Assemblies had the ex- 
clusive right to tax the colonies, and he 
heartily opposed Great Britain in her policy 
of taxing the colonies without giving them 
representation. At the age of sixty-six, and in 
the year of the Declaration of Independence,^ 
Richard Bland yielded up his spirit to his 
country's God, the Author of liberty. 

The comparatively insignificant battle of 
King's Mountain possibly determined the 
names of two Virginia counties. Campbell 
and Russell counties are named after Gen- 
erals William Campbell and William Russell, 
respectively, who especially distinguished 
themselves at King's Mountain. This battle 

^Cooke's "Virginia," p. 406. 
^October 29, 1776. 



After Eleven Patriots 105 

was fought October 7, 1780, under circum- 
stances that would naturally have given the 
victory to the unfatigued British troops. 
Campbell, with a regiment of 910 cavalrymen 
and 50 riflemen, marched fifty miles in 
eighteen hours, much of the time through 
rain, mud, and darkness. Without pausing 
for rest, he at once made a fierce attack on the 
British Colonel Ferguson, who commanded a 
force of 1 105 men. Though the fighting was 
obstinate, Ferguson himself was slain, and all 
of his men either killed, wounded, or cap- 
tured. Campbell's conduct at the battle caused 
him to be promoted from colonel to general, 
and to receive the thanks of the Legislature 
and of Congress. Though his military ser- 
vices elsewhere were decidedly meritorious, 
Campbell is known in history as the "hero of 
King's Mountain." He died of sickness in 
the fall of 178 1, at the age of thirty-six. 

General William Russell, born in Culpeper 
county, was twenty-seven years old when the 
large county in southwestern Virginia re- 
ceived his name in 1785. At the age of fifteen 
Russell began his military career by joining 
Daniel Boone's expedition against the Indians, 
and had already become a veteran soldier, by 
fighting against these redskins, when he 



106 Virginia County Names 

fought under Campbell at King's Mountain. 
Russell was the first American to reach the 
summit of the mountain and to receive a 
sword from the enemy. His gallantry at the 
mountain earned him a promotion to the rank 
of captain. He fought the next March at 
Guilford Court House, and served afterwards 
in many campaigns against the Indians. Rus- 
sell is more intimately connected with the his- 
tory of Kentucky than of Virginia, for he re- 
moved to Kentucky after the Revolution, was 
a member of the Virginia legislature that sep- 
arated Kentucky from the Old Dominion, 
and was, for many years, a legislator in the 
new State. In 1811 he succeeded General 
William Henry Harrison as commander of 
the frontier forces in Indiana, Illinois, and 
Missouri. Kentucky, as well as Virginia, has 
a county named after General Russell. 

Matthews (also spelled Mathews) county 
was named in honor of General George Mat- 
thews, a distinguished officer of the Revolu- 
tion. Matthews took a prominent part in the 
battle of Point Pleasant,^" which was fought 
just before the Revolutionary War. The 
contest occurred at the junction of the Kana- 

^"See Howe, p. 305, for a good description of the battle. 



After Eleven Patriots 101 

wha with the Ohio, and was the bloodiest 
ever fought on Vlrginia^^ soil against the 
Indians. The battle raged stubbornly from 
sunrise till dark, but resulted at last in favor 
of the whites. Matthews afterwards fought 
at Brandywine and Germantown, and his regi- 
ment did much to save the American army 
from destiniction at the latter place. He took 
no further part in the Revolution, for he was 
captured at Germantown and was not re- 
leased until the close of the war. He subse- 
quently removed to Georgia, where he was 
elected to Congress. He was governor of his 
adopted State during 1793-96. 

Clarke county, which really should be 
spelled without the e, Is so named In honor of 
General George Rogers Clark, ^^ a famous 
pioneer and Indian fighter. Although Clark 

"Including West Virginia, for Point Pleasant is in 
West Virginia. 

^Clark spelled his name without an e, as may be seen 
from many of his letters, which are in the State Library 
in Richmond. The Virginia county, strange to say, though 
named in his honor, is generally spelled Clark<?. Ohio 
and Indiana have Clarke counties, both probably named 
after General Clark, and Illinois has a Clark county, 
also probably named after the same man. Missouri has 
a Clark county, so called ("American Cyclopedia'') in 
honor of George's brother, William Clark, Some of the 
States, then, are inaccurate in spelling county names 
Clarke while intending for them to honor George Rogers 
Clark by the county name. 



168 Virginia County Names 

was born in Albemarle county, Virginia, most 
of his notable exploits were done in Kentucky, 
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. It was largely 
by his bravery and skill that Kentucky was 
freed from the ravages of hostile Indians. 
Through him, also, the territory north of the 
Ohio River was secured to the United States 
when Great Britain made peace with us in 
1783. This was because Clark had obtained 
possession of posts that gave him control over 
that country. Through his influence Ken- 
tucky was organized as a Virginia county in 
1776, and after it became a State an east- 
central county was named Clark in his honor. 
Louisville, Kentucky, was founded by General 
Clark. George was one of six brothers, ^^ 
four of whom attained prominence in the 
Revolution. His younger brother William 
was joint commander with Captain Lewis on 
an exploring tour to the Pacific in 1804. On 
this tour Clark was of great service in nego- 
tiations with the Indians. Clarke's Fork and 
Lewis's Fork of the Columbia River are 
named after these explorers. 

Bland and Russell counties, in southwest 
Virginia, between the Blue Ridge and Alle- 

^^"American Enclycopedia." George was born 1742), 
died 1808 or 1817; William was born 1770, died 1838. 



After Eleven Patriots 109 

ghany mountains, have their surfaces broken 
by towering peaks and swift streams. Bland is 
between Giles and Tazewell on the West Vir- 
ginia border, and is drained by New River 
waters. Russell county, to the west of the 
Clinch Mountains, is drained chiefly by the 
Clinch River. 

Campbell county is in Piedmont Virginia, 
and is drained by the Staunton and the James. 
This county contains Lynchburg,^* which, 
next to Roanoke, is the largest city west of 
Richmond in the State. 

Clarke county, taken from Frederick in 
1836, when Wlliam Clark, brother to George 
Rogers Clark, was Superintendent of Indian 
Affairs, has West Virginia on its northern 
border. It is hemmed in on the east by the 
Shenandoah Mountains, and the Shenandoah 
River flows through it. 

Matthews, one of the few tidewater coun- 
ties with a name distinctively American, is 
nearly surrounded by the Chesapeake Bay 
and its arms. 

Montgomery, Pulaski, and Warren coun- 
ties are named in honor of men that fought 
and fell in the cause of American freedom. 

"Until the census of 1900 Lynchburg was larger than 
Roanoke. 



110 Virginia County Names ^*' 

All three are mountainous counties in the ele- 
vated portion of Virginia lying between the 
Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountains. Mont- 
gomery and Pulaski, in southwestern Virginia, 
are separated from each other by the New 
River, whose waters drain all of Pulaski and 
a considerable part of Montgomery. War- 
ren lies between the Blue Ridge and Massa- 
nutten mountains in northern Virginia, and is 
traversed by the Shenandoah River. 

General Richard Montgomery, born in 
Ireland in 1736, had a short but brilliant 
career in the cause of the struggling colonies. 
He was put in command of an expedition 
sent against Canada, and soon obtained pos- 
session of Montreal and other important 
points. After a month's siege a desperate at- 
tempt was made, December 31, 1775, to cap- 
ture Quebec by assault. Montgomery was 
killed while cheering on his men, and they, in 
dismay at his death, at once retreated. In 
grateful recognition of his services Congress 
erected a monument to his memory in St. 
Paul's churchyard. New York city. Under 
this monument lies the dust of the fallen hero. 
Virginia is but one of many States to have 
a county named after General Montgomery. 

Count Pulaski, of Poland, who had already 



After Eleven Patriots 111 

become a veteran soldier by service in Europe, 
was induced by Benjamin Franklin to join the 
American army in 1777. The Polish count 
and the French Marquis de Lafayette were 
together in their first battle for the colonies at 
Brandywine. After two years of fighting in 
our behalf, Pulaski fell mortally wounded in 
an ill-timed attack on Savannah, October 9, 
1779. The responsibility for making the at- 
tack does not belong to Pulaski; he was 
simply obeying the orders of his commander. 
Exactly forty-six years after his death his 
friend Lafayette laid the corner stone of 
the statue of Liberty that was erected in 
Savannah in joint honor of the Polish noble- 
man and of General Nathaniel Greene. It 
may be of interest to note that the capital of 
Arkansas is in Pulaski county, and that 
Georgia and other States have counties named 
in honor of the brave foreigner. 

Virginia named a county after the illus- 
trious French marquis, but Fayette is now 
a county of the State of West Virginia. 

Among those who gave their lives for 
American independence, none was more gen- 
erally beloved than the talented Massachu- 
setts physician. General Joseph Warren. 
From 1766 he was energetic in the cause of 



112 Virginia County Names 

the colonies against the oppressive measures 
of Great Britain. In 1774 he was the virtual 
head of Massachusetts, for he was president 
of the State Congress and chairman of the 
Committee of Public Safety. It was by War- 
ren's orders that Dawes and Paul Revere set 
out on their famous midnight ride for Lex- 
ington. Longfellow's stirring poem tells how 
these horsemen warned the Americans in time 
to meet the hostile British. Warren fought 
at Lexington, and two months later fell at 
Bunker Hill. The British General Howe de- 
clared his death to be an off-set to the loss of 
five hundred British soldiers. At Bunker Hill 
stands a monument erected to his memory. 
It was unveiled June 17, 1857, the eighty- 
second anniversary of his death. 

Five of the six Virginia counties named 
during the seven years ending in 1842 were 
named after American patriots of Revolu- 
tionary fame: Clarke in 1836, Warren in 
1837, Greene in 1838, Pulaski in 1839, and 
Carroll in 1842. Moreover, all four of the 
counties formed during that time within the 
limits of the present State of West Virginia — 
Braxton In 1836, Mercer In 1837, and 
Marion and Wayne In 1842 — take their 
names from Revolutionary patriots. Roan- 



After Eleven Patriots 113 

oke, formed In 1838 and having an Indian 
name, Is the only one of ten Virginia- West 
Virginia counties formed within that period 
of seven years and not named In honor of 
Revolutionary heroes. 

When Greene county, then, was formed In 
1838, the Virginians seemed to be especially 
desirous of remembering the heroes of '76 In 
their county names. If, as has been sug- 
gested,^^ Greenville county had been named 
In honor of General Nathaniel Greene In the 
latter part of 1780, the fact had been over- 
looked or disregarded In after years, for, 
fifty-eight years later. In 1838, Greene county 
received the name of the patriot from Rhpde 
Island. If both Greene and Greenville coun- 
ties are named after General Greene, he Is 
the only American besides Patrick Henry^® to 
be honored In the naming of more than one 
Virginia county. 

General Nathaniel Greene, ^^ of Rhode 
Island, served with distinction during the en- 
tire Revolution. His services in that war 
probably rank second to Washington's only In 
value. He took a prominent part in many of 
the leading battles of the north, and, by his 
successful stand at the battle of Brandywine, 

"P. 75. • "P. 144. "See Pp. 75-76 also. 



114 Virginia County Names 

saved the American army from destruction. 
In the autumn of 1780, after he had been 
transferred to the command of the army of 
the South, by a skillful campaign of hard- 
fought battles he in ten months' time recov- 
ered all of the Carolinas and Georgia except 
the three seaports of Charleston, Wilmington, 
and Savannah. The scene of the hotly con- 
tested battle of Guilford Court House is now 
called Greensboro, in honor of General 
Greene. The Carolinas and Georgia granted 
him valuable property, and Congress gave 
him a medal in recognition of his services. 
After the war he visited his native State, but 
settled in Georgia in 1785 on lands that had 
been given to him by that State. He lived 
less than a year in his new home, for he died 
of sunstroke June 19, 1786, at the age of 
forty-four. 

Greene, which is decidedly smaller than the 
average Virginia county, is just east of the 
Blue Ridge and Is watered by the Rivanna 
and Rapldan rivers. 

Charles Carroll, of Maryland, and Benja- 
min Franklin, of Massachusetts, are each 
honored with a county name in southwest Vir- 
ginia. 

Carroll county contains some of the most 



After Eleven Patriots 115 

elevated land in the State, and is enclosed on 
two sides by ranges of the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains. It is drained by New River waters. 
Franklin is separated from Carroll by Floyd, 
and has the main Blue Ridge range on its 
western border. The county contains 445 
square miles, and is drained by the Staunton 
and Dan rivers. 

For over two hundred years the name of 
Carroll has been especially prominent in the 
State of Maryland. Though many of his 
name are held in high esteem, Charles Car- 
roll, of Carrollton, is easily first of them all in 
the love and respect of his countrymen. His 
naturally strong business capacity was ren- 
dered stronger by the opportunities afforded 
by a college education and by travel in 
Europe. At the outbreak of the Revolution 
he was considered the richest man in the 
colonies, and was probably worth two million 
dollars. During the Revolution Carroll served 
in the legislative halls of State and nation, 
and was one of the framers of Maryland's 
State constitution. The Maryland delegates to 
the General Congress of 1776 had been in- 
structed by the legislature to disavow any 
claim of independence, but Carroll had these 
instructions removed and was himself one of 



116 Virginia County Names 

the first to sign the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. Until 1 80 1 he was busily engaged in 
public affairs, but he then retired to a well- 
earned repose at his magnificent country es- 
tate near Baltimore. Many friends used to 
visit him there to enjoy the society of their 
cultured and generous host. At the death of 
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, on July 
4, 1826, Carroll was left as the sole survivor 
of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Exactly two years later he made 
has last public appearance, when he laid the 
corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road. He died in 1832 at the age of ninety- 
five. Ten years later the Virginia county was 
named In honor of the venerable Maryland 
patriot. 

Three of Carroll's granddaughters mar- 
ried English noblemen, and were distin- 
guished at the court of George IV as "The 
American Graces" — a title fairly earned by 
their attractive manners and great beauty. 
In 1876 Governor John Carroll of Mary- 
land, a great-grandson of the Illustrious 
Charles, took a prominent part In the Phila- 
delphia Centennial of American Independ- 
ence. 

Virginia Is but one of many States to name 



After Eleven Patriots 117 

a county after the patriotic Ben Franklin. 
When Franklin county was formed in 1785 
the fame of Dr. Benjamin Franklin was well 
established both in Europe and America. As 
the founder of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, as inventor of the lightning rod, as op- 
poser of the Stamp Act, and as signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, the great Bos- 
tonian proved his love for learning, science, 
and native land. 



COUNTIES NAMED AFTER SEVEN VIRGINIANS 

WYTHE, Organized 1789 

GRAYSON, Organized 1792 

TAZEWELL, Organized 1799 

SCOTT, Organized 1814 

SMYTH, Organized 1831 

ALEXANDRIA, Organized 1847 

DICKENSON, Organized 1880 



CHAPTER X 

COUNTIES NAMED AFTER SEVEN VIRGINIANS 

Wythe county, and Wytheville, its county 
seat, are named after George Wythe, another 
signer of the paper that declared the United 
States free and independent. Wythe was 
probably the most eminent Virginia jurist of 
the eighteenth century. During the Revolu- 
tion he was an ardent and active patriot.^ 
He helped George Mason and Richard 
Henry Lee to frame Virginia's State consti- 
tution in 1776,^ and soon afterwards aided 
Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Pendleton in 
the revision of the State laws. For more than 
twenty years Wythe was sole chancellor^ of 
Virginia, and he is generally known as Chan- 
cellor Wythe. Wythe ranked high among 
scholars, and by Jefferson was regarded as the 
best Greek and Latin scholar of Virginia. 

^See Wythe in American Supplement to "Enclycopedia 

Britannica." 

'Wythe, **Appleton's American Biography." 

^An office corresponding to the presidency of the Court 

of Appeals; it was abolished at Wythe's death. 

(121) 



122 Virginia County Names 

From 1779 to 1789 Wythe was Professor of 
Law at William and Mary College, and many 
of his pupils afterwards attained great emi- 
nence : Jefferson*— to whom he bequeathed his 
great library — and Madison subsequently be- 
came Presidents of the United States; Giles 
held the leadership of the Democratic-Repub- 
lican party in the national Senate for seven 
years, and was governor of Virginia for three 
years; John Marshall was Chief Justice of the 
United States for thirty-five years, and gained 
a reputation in law that has certainly not 
been surpassed, and probably has not been 
equaled, within the United States. 

Jefferson, Madison, Giles, and Marshall 
were each honored by Virginia in the name of 
a county, though Jefferson and Marshall be- 
came a part of West Virginia when that State 
was formed. 

Chancellor Wythe's residence in Williams- 
burg is still standing. 

Grayson and Tazewell counties were named 
in honor of two United States Senators from 
Virginia, who died shortly before the counties 
were organized. 

The Virginia legislature of 1782-83 was 

*Jefferson took law under Wythe by private instruc- 
tion about 1760. 



After Seven Virginians 123 

remarkable for the entrance into State coun- 
cils of several men who afterwards became 
quite distinguished. Among others were John 
Marshall, the future Chief Justice, and Wil- 
liam Grayson,^ after whom Grayson county is 
named. Together with Patrick Henry and 
others, Grayson vigorously opposed the rati- 
fication by Virginia of the United States Con- 
stitution. In 1788 Grayson and Richard 
Henry Lee were elected as the first two United 
States Senators from Virginia under the Con- 
stitution, over Madison, who was then the 
Federal leader in the State. Senator Gray- 
son only lived to serve two years of the term 
to which he had been elected. 

Tazewell county was formed in 1799 and 
named in honor of Senator Henry Tazewell, 
of Virginia, who died in that year. In 1775, 
at the age of twenty-two, Tazewell became a 
member of the Virginia legislature, and 
served until 1785- He was one of the com- 
mittee^ of 1776 that drew up the Declaration 
of Rights and adopted the State constitution, 
and from 1785 till 1794 he held honorable 

^Not to be confounded with William J. Grayson, after 
whom a Kentucky county is named. 

*See Vol. i. p. 409, Henry's "Life of Henry," for a list 
of the thirty-two men that composed this committee. 



124 Virginia County Names 

positions in the Virginia judiciary. In the 
latter year he was chosen to the United States 
Senate, and held the office till his death. 

Even more distinguished than Henry Taze- 
well was his son, Littleton Waller Tazewell, 
who was a member of the State legislature, a 
United States Senator, and governor of Vir- 
ginia for the two years ending April 30, 
1836. 

Wythe county, situated among the moun- 
tains of southwest Virginia, is separated from 
West Virginia by Bland county, and from 
North Carolina by Grayson. Like its eastern 
neighbors, Pulaski and Carroll, Wythe county 
is drained entirely by New River waters. 

Grayson county is included with Floyd and 
Carroll between two forks of the Blue Ridge 
Mountains, and the three are known as the 
Blue Ridge counties. These counties are 
among the most elevated in the State; and 
Mount Balsam in Grayson county, with an 
elevation of 5700 feet above sea level, is said 
to be the highest peak in Virginia. 

Tazewell county, which adjoins West Vir- 
ginia, is famous for its timber, minerals, and 
beautiful scenery. The county is drained 
chiefly by Clinch River waters, which flow 
southwest, and by tributaries of the New 



After Seven Virginians 125 

River, which flows northeast; "Burke's Gar- 
den" is a beautiful and fertile valley of about 
thirty thousand acres in the eastern part of 
the county. It is surrounded on all except its 
north side by lofty , mountains; from that 
side flow the headwaters of Wolf Creek, a 
large tributary of the New River. 

Scott and Smyth counties are named in 
honor of two Virginia generals, Winfield Scott 
and Alexander Smyth. 

General Winfield Scott was born in Peters- 
burg, Va., June 13, 1786, and lived to see the 
end of the great Civil War of 1861-65. Scott 
took an active and honorable part in the War 
of 1 8 12 against Great Britain, and won still 
greater fame by his victories in the Mexican 
War; the infirmities of old age prevented him 
from being anything more than an interested 
spectator in the war between the States. 

He entered the army at the age of twenty- 
two. Early in 18 14 he began a vigorous and 
systematic training of the troops, and in a few 
months' time he had a well-drilled army with 
which to attack the British in Canada. On 
July 5 of that year he obtained an important 
victory in Canada, at the Battle of Chippewa, 
and twenty days afterwards he fought the 
memorable drawn battle of Lundy's Lane, 



126 Virginia County Names 

This engagement, sometimes called Bridge- 
water, began at five o'clock in the afternoon 
and raged until midnight. One man out of 
every five engaged was either killed or 
wounded. The scene of the encounter was 
made more impressive because the din of con- 
flict was mingled with the sullen roar of 
Niagara Falls. These two battles greatly- 
encouraged the Americans, and established 
the fame of the brave American commander, 
who was soon offered the position of Secre- 
tary of War by President Madison, Scott, 
however, declining the President's offer. 
The naming of Scott county in 1814 was 
a well-deserved tribute to the gallant Vir- 
ginian at the hands of his native State. 
His signal victories in the Mexican War 
earned him the Whig nomination for the 
Presidency in 1852, but he was defeated by 
Franklin Pierce, the Democratic nominee. 
Scott held the chief command of the Ameri- 
can army for twenty years, but was forced to 
resign his position in 1861 on account of fall- 
ing health. 

Like Grayson and Tazewell, Smyth county 
was named In honor of a prominent Virginia 
statesman whose career had been recently 
?nded by death. General Alexander Smyth 



After Seven Virginians 127 

was of Irish birth, but he early removed to 
Virginia, where he entered upon the practice 
of law. For many years he was a member of 
the State legislature, and in 1808 Jefferson 
appointed him a colonel of a United States 
regiment in the Southwest. He was after- 
wards made general, was sent against Canada 
in 18 12, but failed and was removed from the 
army. He seems, however, to have retained 
public esteem, for, after serving again as a 
State legislator, he was elected to Congress in 
1 8 17, where he served almost continuously 
until his death, in 1830. Smyth county was 
named in the following year for the citizen, 
soldier, and statesman who had so long identi- 
fied himself with the interests of his adopted 
State. 

Scott county contains a wonderful natural 
tunnel that extends for 150 yards through one 
of the spurs of Powell's Mountain.'^ In 
height and width the tunnel varies greatly, 
100 feet being probably the maximum height, 
and 150 feet the greatest width. The Vir- 
ginia and Southwestern Railroad runs trains 
through the tunnel, while outside, overhead, a 

^Whitehead's "Virginia Handbook," p. 53, quoting the 
Bristol News, calls the tunnel 300 yards long; but see 
"Martin's Virginia Gazetteer," pp. 442-444. 



128 , Virginia County Names 

wagon road crosses it. Stock Creek, a tribu- 
tary of the Clinch River, flows through the 
tunnel. Scott county lies between the counties 
of Lee and Washington, on the Tennessee 
line and is watered by the Clinch and Holston 
rivers. 

Smyth is situated north of Washington and 
Grayson, and is divided by Holston River 
waters and the mountain into three distinct 
sections, which differ greatly in natural feat- 
ures and products. 

Alexandria county doubtless derives Its 
name from its chief city. The city itself 
was originally known as Belhaven, but the 
name was changed to Alexandria in honor of 
the Alexander family, of whom the oldest 
was John Alexander, a citizen of the place. 
John's son, William Thornton Alexander, was 
a prominent business man of a hundred years 
ago. The city was incorporated in 1779. 
The present county was for many years a 
part of the District of Columbia, but was 
(ff^-^ re-ceded to Virginia in 1847. Alexandria Is 
the smallest of Virginia counties, having a 
land surface of only thirty-two square miles. 
It is surrounded on all except its north side 
by Fairfax county, where the Potomac River 
forms its boundary. 



After Seven Virginians 129 

Dickenson county is named in honor of Wil- 
liam J. Dickenson, a delegate from Russell 
to the Virginia Assembly at the time of Dick- 
enson's formation in 1880. After the Assem- 
bly had voted that the name of the new county 
should be Dickenson, the Senate substituted 
Stonewall for Dickenson — a tribute to Gen- 
eral "Stonewall" Jackson. Virginia had 
already named a county Jackson,^ after Presi- 
dent Andrew Jackson, hence the name "Stone- 
wall" would be more unmistakably a tribute 
to Thomas J. Jackson than the name Jackson 
itself. The Assembly, however, rejected the 
Senate's amendment, and the name Dickenson 
was adopted. 

The Dickenson family has always been at 
the front in public affairs in that narrow strip 
of Virginia lying south of West Virginia and 
e^st of Kentucky. William J. Dickenson's 
grandfather, Henry Dickenson, located in 
that section in 1770, and in 1785 helped to 
organize Russell county, serving as Russell's 
first county clerk. William's father. Major 
James Dickenson, was several times sheriff of 
Russell and for two terms served In the Vir- 
ginia Assembly. William J. Dickenson him- 
self, after studying law and while County At- 

'^Now a part of West Virginia. 



130 Virginia County Names 

torney for Russell, was elected to the Assem- 
bly, serving two terms before the Civil War 
and six terms after it, retiring from the As- 
sembly in 1882. Though a strong' Union 
man and bitterly opposed to secession, Dicken- 
son during the war remained quietl^i on his 
farm, taking care of his aged parents. At 
the age of eighty he died at Castlewood, Rus- 
sell county, April 5, 1907, at the home of his 
nephew, Hon. R. Walter Dickenson, now 
State Senator from Russell, Dickenson, Taze- 
well, and Buchanan counties. He never mar- 
ried. His youngest brother, Thomas T. 
Dickenson, is still living at Castlewood. 

Dickenson county, which is drained by the 
Russell Fork of the Big Sandy River, is 
separated from Kentucky by the Cumberland 
Mountains. Dickenson is the youngest 
county in the State by nineteen years. Bland 
being next youngest. Like other youths, 
however, Dickenson has great possibilities, 
for the letter-head of the county clerk informs 
us that Dickenson county is the richest unde- 
veloped county in coal and mineral and hard- 
wood in the South. 



PART V 

VIRGINIA GOVERNORS AND 
UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS 



COUNTIES NAMED AFTER THIRTEEN VIRGINIA 
GOVERNORS 

CULPEPER, Organized 1748 

SPOTSYLVANIA, Organized 1720 

GOOCHLAND Organized 1727 

DINWIDDIE, Organized 1752 

FAUQUIER, Organized 1759 

BOTETOURT, Organized 1769 

HENRY, Organized 1776 

PATRICK, Organized 1790 

NELSON, Organized 1807 

LEE, Organized 1792 

PAGE, Organized 1831 

GILES, Organized 1806 

FLOYD Organized 1831 

V^ISE, Organized 1855 



CHAPTER XI 

COUNTIES NAMED AFTER THIRTEEN VIRGINIA 
GOVERNORS^ 

In fourteen of her counties Virginia re- 
produces the names of her governors. Bote- 
tourt^ Culpeper, Dinwiddle, Fauquier, Gooch- 
land, and Spotsylvania recall colonial times; 
while Floyd, Giles, Patrick and Henry, 
Lee, Nelson, Page, and Wise date after the 
Declaration of Independence. 

With the exception of Botetourt, these 
colonial counties He east of Virginia's center. 
Fauquier and Culpeper are In th^ north near 
the headwaters of the Rappahannock. Spot- 
sylvania, to the southeast of these two counties, 
contains the sources of the Mat, the Ta, the 
Po and the Ny rivers, which unite In Caroline 
county to form the Mattapony River. Din- 
widdle Is In southeastern Virginia, and Is 
drained by the Nottoway and Appomattox 
rivers. Goochland Is on the north bank of 
the James between Fluvanna and Henrico. 

^Fourteen counties, as two are named aft€r Patrick 
Henry. 

(135) 



136 Virginia County Names 

Botetourt lies on both sides of the James, 
wedged in between the Alleghany and Blue 
Ridge Mountains. 

Lord Culpeper, who served from 1680 to 
1683 ^s the governor of Virginia, is chiefly 
notable for the immense tracts of land he 
owned. In 1673 Charles II of England 
granted Virginia for a period of thirty-one 
years to Culpeper and the Earl of Arlington. 
Two years afterward Culpeper bought the 
rights to the lands lying between the Potomac 
and Rappahannock rivers, and was appointed 
governor of Virginia for life. He did not 
come to Virginia to assume his office until 
1680. Though a shrewd and capable gov- 
ernor, Culpeper was convicted of bribery at 
the end of three years, and was thereupon 
deposed from office. Culpeper county was 
named after Governor Culpeper in 1748, a 
few years after his grandson. Lord Fairfax,^ 
had made his home on the vast estate inherited 
from his grandfather. 

Of the six colonial governors who gave 
their names to Virginia counties, Alexander 
Spotswood,^ with his spacious and hospitable 
country home, is probably the most interesting 

^Pp. 69-70 for Fairfax. 

^Spelled with one /, and so the county should be spelled. 



After Thirteen Virginia Governors 137 

character. While governor he made an explor- 
ing tour through the country from Williams- 
burg across the mountains to the Shenandoah 
River. The party had a jolly time, and were 
gone six weeks. On their return each tourist 
received a golden horseshoe as a souvenir of 
the trip, and thus was instituted the order of 
the "Knights of the Horse-Shoe." A horse- 
shoe was chosen as the badge of knighthood 
because the horses, which at home needed no 
shoes, had to be shod in order to be able to 
travel over the rocky regions of the moun- 
tains. In 1724 Governor Spotswood had 
above the falls on the Rappahannock River 
an iron furnace, considered by himself as the 
first regular iron furnace in the United States. "^ 
Sir William Gooch had already won fame 
as a soldier in Europe when he was chosen 
governor of the Old Dominion in 1727. Two 
counties were established that year, and one 
of them was named Goochland in honor of 
the new governor. Gooch greatly endeared 
himself to the people by his wise administra- 
tion as governor, and the Virginians bade him 

^But there was a furnace for smelting iron ore at Fall- 
ing Creek, in Chesterfield county, in 1619. It was de- 
stroyed and the people killed in the Indian massacre of 
March 22, 1622. There is a pig of the iron with the 
the furnace mark in the State Library in Richmond. 



138 Virginia County Names 

a tearful farewell when he sailed for his 
English home after twenty years of service in 
the colony. The flourishing city of Staunton 
in Augusta county is named after Lady Staun- 
ton, the beloved wife of Governor Gooch. 

Robert Dinwiddie became governor of Vir- 
ginia in 1752, and a county was named after 
him the same year. Dinwiddie's term lasted 
six years. Though neither a good nor a 
popular executive, Dinwiddie showed discern- 
ment by appointing young Washington to im- 
portant commands. The latter's trip beyond 
Fort Duquesne was undertaken at Dinwid- 
die's instigation. 

The Virginians again complimented their 
chief executive in 1759 when they named 
Fauquier county in honor of Francis Fauquier, 
who had lately become governor. Fauquier 
was a broad-minded scholar of culture and 
ability, and his society was greatly enjoyed 
by the youthful but appreciative Jefferson. 
Though Fauquier was watchful of the in- 
terest of the home government in England, 
he had also the welfare of the colonists at 
heart. His term was ended by death in 1768. 

Lord Norberne Berkeley, Baron of Bote- 
tourt, became governor of Virginia in 1768, 
and held the office until his death in October, 



After Thirteen Virginia Governors 139 

1770. Though the opposition between the 
Virginians and the mother country caused Bo- 
tetourt to use strongly repressive measures to- 
wards Virginia, the baron was a true friend 
to the colony. He was much mourned at his 
death and the legislature honored his memory 
with a marble statue, which is still standing 
at William and Mary College. The beauti- 
ful county in western Virginia received his 
name the year before his death. Fincastle, 
the county seat of Botetourt, takes its name 
from Lord Botetourt's estate in England. 
Fincastle county was formed in 1772, but 
ceased to exist four years later, when It was 
divided Into Washington, Montgomery, and 
Kentucky counties — the last named after- 
wards became Kentucky State. 

Berkeley county, now of West Virginia, 
was organized as a Virginia county in 1772. 
The name was nearly certainly derived from 
the late Governor Botetourt, Lord Norberne 
Berkeley, though I have no authority to cite 
in support of this theory. On the other hand, 
"Appleton's American Cyclopedia" says that 
the county was named after "Governor Berke- 
ley." This must mean Sir William Berkeley, 
governor of Virginia for twenty years or 
more In the seventeenth century. William 



140 Virginia County Names 

Berkeley is the only person that was generally 
known as Governor Berkeley; Norberne 
Berkeley is known in history as Governor 
Botetourt. 

Several considerations seem to throw doubt 
on the cyclopedia's statement. The latter 
part of Berkeley's administration was marked 
by great cruelty to the followers of Nathaniel 
Bacon, and Berkeley was recalled to England 
at the request of the Virginians. While the 
governor had been very popular before 
Bacon's rebellion, was it likely that Virginia 
should wait ninety-five years after Berkeley's 
death and then give a county name for a 
governor that had been hateful to many in 
the colony for his acts of tyranny ? 

In the Virginians' attitude towards Lord 
Botetourt it seems more probable that Berke- 
ley county should have been named after the 
baron's ordinary name, Norberne Berkeley. 
Fincastle county was named after his English 
estate the same year Berkeley county was or- 
ganized, and Botetourt county had been 
named after the baron himself only three 
years before— thus proving the affection of 
Virginians for him. But, even if Berkeley 
county is named after Sir William Berkeley, 
the naming was probably done to reflect honor 



After Thirteen Vii'ginia Governors 141 

on Lord Norberne Berkeley, for Norberne 
was a direct descendant of John, elder brother 
of William. 

Culpeper, Orange, and Fauquier organized 
a famous regiment of "Minute Men"^ at the 
beginning of the Revolution. The Culpeper 
corps carried an aggressive-looking flag, which 
had depicted on It a rattlesnake with twelve 
rattles — the head for Virginia, a rattle for 
each of the other colonies. On the flag were 
the words: "The Culpeper Minute Men. 
Liberty or Death. Don't Tread on 
Me.'' The Culpeper men wore green hunt- 
ing shirts and were otherwise attired so as to 
present a savage and formidable appearance. 

Fauquier contains some of the best farm- 
ing lands In the State. Botetourt Is rich in 
minerals and well adapted to stock raising. 
Dinwiddle contains Petersburg, the third city 
of the State In size. 

The eight counties that Virginia has named 
after her governors since she cast off alle- 
giance to England are west of the State's 
center, and all of them are more or less moun- 
tainous. Patrick and Henry are on the North 
Carolina border, and are watered by Carolina 

^Howe's "Virginia," pp. 237-8. 



142 Virginia County Names 

streams. Lee, the most western county of the 
State, separates Kentucky from Tennessee, 
and is drained by Russell's River, whose 
waters reach the Tennessee. Wise is north 
of Lee, and also borders on Kentucky; it is 
drained by Kentucky streams and by Clinch 
River waters. Giles, bordering on West 
Virginia, is bisected by the New River. 
Floyd is watered chiefly by the Little River, 
a tributary of the New, and lies northwest of 
Patrick county. Nelson, with its west-central 
position, is beautified on the northwest by the 
Blue Ridge Mountains, on the southwest by 
the historic James. Page, in the Shenandoah 
Valley, is noted for the wonderful Luray 
Caverns. 

Of Virginia's governors none deserve a 
higher rank than Patrick Henry. His long 
life almost coincides with that of Washing- 
ton — he was born four years after, and died 
six months before, the President. Both were 
Virginia born, and both spent their last days 
in their native State. 

It would be hard to overestimate the value 
of Henry's services to his State and his coun- 
try. Before the Revolution his eloquence 
did much to secure the repeal of the odious 
Stamp Act, and when the war was on hand 



After Thirteen Virginia Governors 143 

he kindled a fiery zeal for independence in 
the hearts of his countrymen. Henry was 
instrumental in getting the Virginia delegates 
to propose independence in the national Con- 
gress of 1776,® and he helped to secure the 
guarantee of religious freedom in the State^ 
and the natlonaP constitutions. 

After perfecting for Virginia the first writ- 
ten State constitution in America, the Wil- 
liamsburg State convention ended its work of 
June 29, 1776, by electing Patrick Henry 
the first governor of the new State,^ and the 
legislature of that year honored Henry by 
giving his name to the large county that had 
just been formed from Pittsylvania. After 
Henry had retired from the Virginia legis- 
lature of 1790, a new county was formed 
from a part of Henry county, and the ex- 
legislator was again honored in Patrick 
county's name. Henry was unanimously re- 
elected governor four times, and in 1796, six 
years after his retirement to private life, was 
again chosen chief executive of Virginia, but 



"See Henry's "Henry," Vol. i. pp. 332-34. 
^Ibid., Vol. i. pp. 431-32. 
^Ibid., Vol. ii. pp. 338-89. 

^Virginia was a colony, subject to Great Britain, before 
she declared her independence, 



144 Virginia County Names 

declined to serve on account of the infirmities 
of age. The Virginia governors were then 
elected by the State legislature for a term of 
one year, and were not eligible for more than 
three successive terms. No other governor 
of Virginia has served as many terms as 
Henry/*^ nor does any other governor of the 
State have more than one county named in 
his honor. Henry was twice offered a United 
States senatorship, and also important of- 
fices under President Washington, but he de- 
clined them all. 

Nelson county was formed in 1807, and 
was named after General Thomas Nelson, 
who was Virginia's third governor after she 
had become a State. While Nelson was of 
greater service as a legislator than as a soldier, 
he took honorable rank in both capacities. 
As a member of the Virginia legislature he 
helped to frame the State constitution, and 
afterwards signed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. In 1776 he was Henry's chief 
competitor for the governorship, and in June, 
178 1, he succeeded Jefferson in that office. 
At the siege of Yorktown, where he com- 
manded the Virginia militia, Governor Nel- 
son manifested a noble example of unselfish 

^"Unless it was Governor Botetourt; see pp. 139-1^1.1. 



After Thirteen Virginia Governors 145 

patriotism. His house was the largest and best 
In Yorktown, and thinking, therefore, that 
General Cornwallls probably had his head- 
quarters there, Nelson had the building bom- 
barded,^^ offering a reward to the cannoneer 
who should put the first ball through it. 
Nelson's term of governorship lasted not 
quite six months, as falling health forced him 
to resign, and the remaining eight years of 
his life were spent in retirement. He died in 
York, the county that had given him birth 
fifty-one years before. The statues of six 
honored sons of Virginia stand around the 
lifelike equestrian statue of Washington in 
the capitol square of Richmond. These 
statues commemorate the lives and services of 
General Andrew Lewis, so distinguished In 
Indian warfare; George Mason; Chief Jus- 
tice Marshall; Patrick Henry; President 
Jefferson, and Governor Thomas Nelson. 

Lee county received its name in 1792, from 
General Henry Lee, of Westmoreland, who 
had just become governor of Virginia. Vir- 
ginia had special reason at that time to honor 
the name of Lee, as Richard Henry Lee had 
just retired to private life after thirty-six 

"The Governor's house was struck by the shot, but is 
still standing and has people living in it. 

xo 



146 Virginia County Names 

years of arduous public service, while Francis 
Lightfoot Lee and Arthur Lee, brothers of 
Richard Henry Lee, had also endeared them- 
selves to the State by careers of usefulness 
and honor. 

General Henry Lee, second cousin to Rich- 
ard Henry, rendered valuable service in the 
Revolution by his brave and well-trained 
"legion" of cavalry. Lee's "Memoirs of 
'76" tells of Revolutionary scenes. Lee was 
a member of the congress that adopted the 
Constitution of the United States, and he 
urged its ratification by Virginia in 1788. 
He became governor of the State December 
I, 1 79 1, and held the office three years. 

Three Lees have been Virginia's chief ex- 
ecutive: Thomas Lee,^^ President of the 
Colonial Council, was governor from Septem- 
ber, 1749, to February, 1751; General 
Henry Lee, December i, 1791, to December 
I, 1794; and General Fitzhugh Lee, 
nephew of General R. E. Lee and grandson 
of Governor Henry Lee, was governor for 
the four years ending December 31, 1889. 

At the death of Washington Congress ap- 
pointed Henry Lee to prepare a eulogy on 
the great American. Lee's speech contained 

"See p. 92 for Thomas Lee, 



After Thirteen Vii'ginia Governors 147 

the now famous words, *'First In war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his country- 
men." 

Page county was named in 1831 in honor 
of Governor John Page, whose term of office 
expired twenty-six years before the county 
was organized. 

John Page, of Gloucester county, Virginia, 
attended William and Mary College with 
Thomas Jefferson, and the two students 
formed there a lasting friendship for each 
other. During the Revolution Page proved 
of great service to the State as lieutenant-gov- 
ernor and as a member of the committee of 
public safety. He was in Congress during 
Washington's entire Presidency, and was 
governor of Virginia for the three years end- 
ing In 1805. When Page retired from the 
governorship, his old friend, President Jef- 
ferson, appointed him to a public office, which 
he held until his death In 1808. 

Those who have read the delightful stories 
of Thomas Nelson Page will, perhaps, take 
a greater Interest In Governor John Page 
when they learn that he was the great-grand- 
father of the author of "Marse Chan" and 
^'Meh Lady." 

William Branch Giles had been for twQ 



148 Virginia County Names 

years the leader of the Democratic party in 
the United States Senate when Giles county 
was named after him in 1 806. In 1 79 1 he was 
elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused 
by the death of Colonel Theodoric Bland, 
and served continuously in that body for eight 
years. He resigned from Congress in 1798 
and became a member of the Virginia legis- 
lature, where he helped Madison to pass the 
celebrated ''Resolutions of '98." These 
Resolutions strongly emphasized the rights of 
the individual States, and indicated the 
dangerous tendencies that lurk in a govern- 
ment that has too great power over the parts 
composing that government. Giles was 
chosen United States senator in 1804, and at 
once became the leader of the Democratic 
party in the Senate. After holding the lead- 
ership seven years, he lost it because of his 
opposition to war with Great Britain. He 
retired from the Senate to private life in 
18 15, but entered politics again in 1826 as 
a member of the Virginia legislature. The 
next year he was made governor of Virginia, 
and served until 1830. 

Floyd county takes its name from John 
Floyd, who succeeded Mr. Giles as governor 
of Virginia. Floyd was a member of Con- 



After Thirteen Virginia Governors 149 

gress from Virginia from 1830 to 1834 He 
enjoyed the personal friendship of Presidents 
Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson, but opposed 
Jackson's election for a second term because 
of the repressive measures the President used 
against South Carolina. South Carolina 
seems to have appreciated Floyd's pronounced 
States' rights views, for she gave him her 
vote for President In 1832. 

It Is rather unusual for father and son to 
become governors of the same State, but John 
Buchanan Floyd, son of Governor John 
Floyd, was governor of Virginia from 1849 
to 1852. When James Buchanan became 
President In 1857 he appointed young Floyd 
Secretary of War. 

Henry Alexander Wise, of Accomac county, 
Virginia, who had served eleven years In 
Congress, and for three years as minister to 
Brazil, was nominated by the Democrats In 
1855 for governor of Virginia. He began 
the campaign under heavy disadvantages, but 
his vigorous and skillful canvass, during 
which he traveled over three thousand mlles^^ 
and made more than fifty speeches, resulted 



'^It must be remembered that the facilities for travel 
are much better in 1908 than they were in 1855. Rail- 
roads were scarce then. 



150 Virginia County Names 

in his election by ten thousand majority. 
Wise county was named that year in honor of 
the energetic governor-elect. He held the of- 
fice four years, and, like young Floyd, entered 
the Confederate army. Neither man was 
specially fortunate in his military career: in 
their case the laurels earned in peace were 
greater than those won in war. 

Giles, Nelson, and Page counties are re- 
markable for natural objects of great interest. 

In Giles, about a thousand feet above the 
base of Salt Pond Mountain, and three thou- 
sand feet above sea-level, is a wonderful sheet 
of water known as Mountain Lake.^* The 
lake is three-fourths of a mile long, half a 
mile wide, and from fifty to sixty feet deep. 
The water is so transparent that the bottom 
can be seen in every part. 

In the southwestern corner of Nelson 
county is probably the highest waterfall east 
of the Mississippi River. Crab Tree Falls 
starts from the top of Pinnacle Peak and 
descends three thousand feet in going a hori- 
zontal distance of two thousand feet. The 

^^Well described in Howe's "Virginia History" and 
Martin's "Virginia Gazetteer." Whitehead's "Virginia 
Handbook" describes Mountain Lake (formerly called 
Salt Pond), Crab Tree Falls, and Luray Caves, 



After Tliirteen Virginia Governors 151 

highest cataract, the "Grand Cataract," 
makes a fall of five hundred feet; the lowest 
falls Is about fifty feet high. Crab Tree 
Creek, on which the falls is located, flows into 
Tye River a few miles from the cataract. 
The approach to the falls is very difficult, but 
the numerous visitors are well repaid for their 
trouble by the magnificent view obtained. 

In Page county are the Luray Caverns, 
whose "wonders surpass those of any other 
caverns known to man." The most remark- 
able of these curious examples of nature's 
handiwork were not discovered until 1878. 
They are now fitted up with electric lights, 
that their wonderful formation may be fully 
appreciated by the numerous sight-seers who 
visit them. 



COUNTIES NAMED AFTER THREE PRESIDENTS 

WASHINGTON, Organized 1776 

MADISON, Organized 1792 

BUCHANAN Organized 1858 



CHAPTER XII 

COUNTIES NAMED AFTER THREE PRESIDENTS 

Buchanan, Madison, and Washington 
counties bear the names of United States 
Presidents, though neither Madison nor 
Washington had attained to that office when 
the counties were named in their honor. 

Buchanan forms a sharp point of the State 
that borders on Kentucky and West Virginia, 
and is drained by the Big Sandy River. 
Madison, a small county in north-central Vir- 
ginia, is bounded on the west by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Page. Rapi- 
dan waters drain most of this mountainous 
county. Washington, in the southwest, is 
beautified by the attractive river and moun- 
tain scenery of the Holston River valley. 

Buchanan county was organized and 
named in 1858, the year after James 
Buchanan of Pensylvania was inaugurated 
President. It was the last Virginia county 
to receive a President's name. 

Madison county was named in 1792, when 
James Madison of Virginia was the acknowl- 
edged leader of the Democrats in Congress, 

(155) 



156 Virginia County Names 

his previous public career gaining for him this 
leadership. He helped to secure religious 
freedom for Virginia, and strongly supported^ 
the Constitution, both when it was adopted by 
Congress and on its ratification by Virginia. 
In addition to the other high honors accorded 
him, Madison was afterwards twice Presi- 
dent. He lived to the ripe old age of eighty- 
five, and died in Virginia, the State that had 
given him birth. 

The universal esteem in which our first 
President is held is well proven by the great 
number of places that bear the name of Wash- 
ington. Virginia, though the first,^ is but one 
of thirty-one States to have a Washington 
county. Seven of the original thirteen States 
thus honor the illustrious Virginian, while 
South Dakota, Idaho, and Oregon, in a simi- 
lar way, also revere his name. Post offices in 
twenty-eight different States and Territories, 
the capital city of our great Republic, and a 
large State on the Pacific Ocean also bear the 
name of the one, who seems, in very truth, to 
be the "Father of His Country.'' 

^Madison afterwards opposed the Constitution, and 
helped to secure a number of amendments that more fully 
guaranteed States' rights. 

^The Legislature established the county in October, 1776; 
the first county court was held January 28, 1777. 



PART VI 

INDIAN NAMES AND NATURAL 
FEATURES 



NINE INDIAN NAMES 

NANSEMOND, Organized 1640 

ACCOMAC, Organized 1672 

NOTTOWAY, ; Organized 1788 

RAPPAHANNOCK, Organized 1831 

APPOMATTOX, Organized 1845 

POWHATAN, Organized 1777 

SHENANDOAH, Organized 1772 

ALLEGHANY, Organized 1822 

ROANOKE, Organized 1838 



CHAPTER XIII 

NINE INDIAN COUNTY NAMES 

When Captain John Smith first came to 
Jamestown, in 1607, about fifty Indian tribes 
lived between the sea and the mountains of 
Virginia. Most of the tribes belonged to the 
one or the other of two great confederacies. 
Thirty tribes under the chieftain Powhatan 
lived south of the Potomac, between the sea 
and the falls of the rivers. Against Pow- 
hatan's tribes were opposed two smaller con- 
federacies — the Mannahoacks and the Mana- 
kins. The Mannahoacks consisted of eight 
tribes scattered between the Rappahannock 
and York rivers, while the Manakins were a 
union of five tribes who lived above the falls 
between the York and the James. Besides 
the confederated Indians, there were the 
Nottoways, the Meherricks, the Tuteloes, and 
several other independent tribes. 

Although the Indians inhabited a great 
part of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge, the 
population was so scattered that It probably 

II (161) 



162 Virginia County Names 

did not exceed twenty thousand/ Pow- 
hatan's great domain contained but eight 
thousand souls, yet the chief was able to hold 
his own against all his Indian foes. The Yir- i 
ginia Indians east of the mountains wiiere ^ 
probably numerically superior to the whites 
until after 1650,^ though the latter had al- 
ready been victorious in several wars between 
the races. During the war following 
Opechankanough's great massacre of 1622, 
the white population was reduced from four 
thousand to twenty-five hundred. In 1644 
Opechankanough was the leader in another 
great massacre, in which five hundred whites 
perished. This second massacre was swiftly 
and severely avenged, and the Indians were 
forced to keep the peace. They were again 
reduced to peace about thirty years later by 
Nathaniel Bacon, the leader of the noted re- 
bellion against the tyrannical Governor 
Berkeley. Bacon's victory so crushed the 
Indians that they were never again formid- 
able in eastern Virginia. 

^ Beverly's "History of Virginia," published 
In London in 1722, gives a list of such towns 

^Howe, p. 136. 
- ^A writer of ^649 gives the population of that time 
as fifteen thousand whites and three hundred negroes. 



Nine Indian County Names 163 

or bodies of Indians east of the Blue Ridge 
as in 1700 retained their names. All of them 
combined could not muster five hundred fight- 
ing men, and they lived miserably and much 
in fear of the neighboring Indian tribes. Each 
town, by the articles of peace, 1677, paid an 
annual tribute of three Indian arrows and 
twenty beaver skins, for protection. 

Beverly mentions twenty towns, distributed 
as follows: in Accomac there were Matom- 
kin, Gingotoque, Pungoteaque, Kiequotank, 
Matchopungo, Occahannock, Oanancock, 
Chiconessex, Nanduye ; in Northampton, Gan- 
gascoe, almost as numerous as all the preced- 
ing put together; in Prince George, Wyan- 
oke, extinct; in Charles City, Appamattox, 
extinct; in Surry, Nottaway; in Nansemond, 
Menheering and Nansamond; in King WiU 
liani, Pamunkie and Chickahominie; In Es- 
sex, Rappahannock, extinct; In Richmond, 
Port Tobago, extinct; in Northumberland, 
Wiccomoco. The spelling of the tribal 
names just given j/ Beverly's. There was no 
way to determine the spelling except by the. 
sound of the words, hence the same name is 
often spelled In several ways. 

Pungoteque was governed by a queen ; and 
Nanduye was "a seat of the empress," who 



(^N 



164 Virginia County Names 

had "all the nations of the shore under 
tribute." 

From many of these Indian names come 
names for counties, white towns, bays, inlets, 
and islands of Virginia. The Potomac River 
is named after an Indian tribe; Chesapeake 
Bay, the "Mother of Waters,"^ is an Indian 
name; and the James River once bore the 
name Powhatan, in honor of the Indian chief. 
Nansemond, Accomac, Nottoway, Rappa- 
hannock, and Appomattox counties are named 
after Indian tribes. 

Nansemond is in southeast Virginia on the 
North Carolina border. It is drained by the 
Nansemond and Blackwater rivers and by 
Lake Drummond. This county, the ninth 
oldest in the State, was in existence as early 
as 1640, for an act was then passed defining 
its boundaries. It was first called Upper 
Norfolk, but six years later it took the name 
"Nansimun." Captain John Smith spelled 
the name "Nansamund"; Beverly says 
"Nansamond"; and now it is Nansemond. 

Beverly says of the Indian tribe after whom 
the county and Nansemond River were 
named: "Nansamond; about thirty bow- 
men; they have increased much of late." 

^See Howe, p. 23. 



Nine Indian County Names 165 

Accomac county comprises nearly two- 
thirds of that part of Virginia which hes be- 
tween the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic 
Ocean. The name "Accawmacke" was given 
to all the "Eastern Shore" of Virginia when 
it became one of the original shires in 1634/ 
Nine years later the name was changed to 
Northampton, but the term "Accomac" was 
was revived in 1672 in the name of the county 
that was fhen formed from a part of North- 
ampton. The Accomacs were a tribe of 
Indians that once inhabited the Eastern 
Shore. 

Accomac and Northampton counties 
abound in Indian names. Chincoteague inlet, 
Matomkin island and inlet, Onancock and 
Pangoteague towns pertaining to Accomac; 
while the Great Machipongo Inlet is off the 
Northampton coast. Pocomoke sound and 
river and Assateague bay and island are 
probably Indian names also. 

Nottoway is a small county in southeastern 
Virginia, and is drained by Nottoway and 
Appomattox waters. Burkeville, at the junc- 
tion of the two railroads that traverse the 
county, is becoming well known for its min- 
eral waters. 

*P. 65. 



166 Virginia County Names 

The tribe of Indians after whom Notto- 
way county and river were named is now ex- 
tince. Beverly, about 1700, says that the 
"Nottoways" had about a hundred bowmen, 
and that they were increasing. Jefferson, in 
writing "Virginia Notes," about 1780, says 
that only a few squaws then remained of the 
Nottoways. 

Rappahannock county is situated in north- 
ern Virginia between Fauquier and Madison 
counties, and takes its name from the river 
whose headwaters it contains. The river, 
however, is named from an Indian tribe that 
once lived along its banks in Essex county. 
The tribe became extinct before 1700. Rich- 
mond and Essex^ counties were known as 
Rappahannock county before 1692, but the 
old county was absorbed that year by the two 
new ones that were formed out of its terri- 
tory. The new Rappahannock county was 
not formed until 1831, or one hundrded and 
thirty-nine years after the old county ceased 
to exist. 

Appomattox county, on the south bank of 
the Ja-mes, is almost equally distant from the 
eastern and western extremities of the State. 
It doubtless takes its name from the river that 

'p. 68. 



Nine Indian County Names 167 

rises within its borders. The river has the 
name of an Indian tribe that once lived in 
Charles City county, but, like the Rappa- 
hannocks, the tribe had already become ex- 
tinct when Beverly wrote his Virginia history. 

Powhatan county is named after the noted 
Indian chief. It lies along the south bank of 
the James River, which separates it from 
Goochland. Powhatan county was formerly 
inhabited by the Manakins, a powerful and 
warlike Indian tribe; but none remained 
there in the latter part of the seventeenth 
century. The seat of their town on James 
River is still called Manakin Town Ferry. 

Powhatan was the most notable of the 
Indian chiefs whom the early Virginia settlers 
encountered. Physically, he was remarkably 
strong and vigorous. Moreover, he was 
shrewd and courageous; not disheartened by 
defeat, nor unduly elated by victory. He 
lived as became a king, and commanded the 
respect of his subjects. A bodyguard of forty 
warriors attended him, and a sentry kept 
watch over his palace by night. One of his 
homes was on the James, where the city of 
Richmond now stands. He died in Virginia, 
April, 1618, at the age of nearly seventy. 
His daughter, Pocahontas, after whom a 



l^S Virginia County Names 

West Virginia county was named, had died in 
England the previous year. 

Shenandoah county, in northern Virginia, 
is separated from West Virginia by the Shen- 
andoah Mountains. It is watered by the 
North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and 
has the Massanutten Mountains on its east- 
em border. 

Shenandoah county was organized in 
1772, and was named Dunmore in honor of 
the last colonial governor of Virginia. But 
Lord Dunmore proved so hateful to the Vir- 
ginians that they were unwilling that the 
county should retain his name. In 1777, 
therefore, the name was changed, and the 
county was called Shenandoah, after the 
stream that traverses it. The Indians called 
the river "Shenandoah," thus signifying that 
it was the "Beautiful daughter of the stars."^ 

Alleghany county takes the name of the 
great chain of mountains that forms its west- 
ern border. The name Alleghany was given 
to the mountains by the English settlers of 
the north, who had received it from the 
Indians. "Appleton's American Cyclopedia'* 
says that Alleghany means "Endless."^ Mar- 

^"Hlstory of Augusta County," by J. Lewis Peyton, p. i. 
'P. 31. 



Nine Indian County Names l69 

tin's "Gazetteer of Virginia," however, gives 
the meaning "Endless" to the Indian name of 
Kaatin Chunk, which was what the red men 
called the Kittatinny or Great North Moun- 
tains. Both the Alleghany and Kaatin Chunk 
mountains might well appear "endless" to ob- 
servers viewing the two ranges from the val- 
ley between them. Very possibly, both names 
mean endless. The mountains might have 
been named by different tribes, or the words 
may have been synonyms in the one Indian 
language; and thus the one English transla- 
tion might be correct in either case. Alle- 
ghany county is watered by the Jackson and 
Cowpasture rivers, which unite to form the 
James a few miles east of the county's border. 
Roanoke county lies south of Botetourt 
and Craig and west of the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains. It doubtless takes its name from the 
Roanoke River, which receives most of the 
county's drainage. Roanoke, Roenoke, or 
Rawrenoke, in the Indian tongue, signified 
"shell money.'" East of the Blue Ridge the 
Roanoke River Is known as the Staunton until 
It and the Dan unite In Mecklenburg county 
to form the larger Roanoke. 



^Howe's "Virginia," p. 447. 



FOUR NAMES FROM NATURAL FEATURES 

ROCKBRIDGE, Organized 1778 

BATH, Organized 1790 

HIGHLAND, Organized 1847 

CRAIG, Organized 1850 



CHAPTER XIV 

FOUR NAMES FOR NATURAL FEATURES 

Rockbridge, Bath, Highland, and Cralg^ 
counties are named from their natural feat- 
ures. Rockbridge is south of Augusta be- 
tween the Blue Ridge and Great North Moun- 
tains,^ and is drained by the James and North 
Rivers. Bath is on the West Virginia border, 
and is separated from Rockbridge by the 
Great North Mountains. The Jackson and 
Cowpasture rivers, which unite to form the 
James in Botetourt, traverse the county and 
receive most of its drainage. Highland, just 
north of Bath, makes a sharp projection into 
West Virginia. The Alleghany Mountains 
form the western border of both counties. 

Highland county is intersected by numer- 
ous streams and mountains, and is the water- 
shed that separates the headwaters of the 
James from some of the sources of the Poto- 
mac. In the northwestern part of the county 

^Craig hardly belongs under this head, but it is classed 
here for convenience. See p. 176. 
'Also called the Shenandoah Mountain. 

(173) 



174 Virginia County Names 

the North Fork of the South Branch of the 
Potomac rises within about ten miles of the 
sources of Back Creek, a tributary of Jack- 
son's River, and thus, indirectly, a tributary 
of the James also. 

Craig county lies between Giles and Alle- 
ghany on the West Virginia line, and, with 
the exception of a part drained by Sinking 
Creek, which flows into the New River, is 
drained by Craig Creek waters. 

Rockbridge takes its name from the cele- 
brated Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek in 
the southern part of the county. The height 
of the bridge from the water to its upper sur- 
face is 215 feet, average width 80 feet, length 
,j93 feet, thickness 55 feet.^ The original 
bridge tract was granted to Thomas Jefferson 
in 1774 by King George III. After Jeffer- 
son was President, he visited the place and 
made a survey and map of it.* The bridge 
has long been a place of interest to travelers. 
Besides Jefferson, Presidents Monroe, Jack- 
son, and Van Buren have visited there. 
Chief Justice Marshall called it "God's great- 

^Whitehead's "Virginia Handbook," p. 51. 

^Washington, when a surveyor for Lord Fairfax, visited 
the bridge and carved his name there. See W^hitehead, 
p. 50. 



Four For Natural Features 175 

est miracle in stone." Henry Clay wrote of 
"the bridge not made with hands, that spans 
a river, carries a highway, and makes two 
mountains one." 

Bath county takes its name from its numer- 
ous and remarkable springs and baths. The 
most celebrated springs are the Warm Sul- 
phur, whose waters have been famed for 
nearly a century, the Healing, and the Hot. 
The Warm Sulphur springs are located at 
Warm Springs, the county seat. 

The tradition^ respecting the discovery of 
the (warm) springs is, that a party of 
Indians hunting, spent the night in the val- 
ley. One of their number discovering the 
spring, bathed in it, and, being much fatigued, 
he was induced, by the delicious sensation and 
warmth imparted by it, to remain all night. 
The next morning he was enabled to scale the 
mountain before his companions. As the 
country became settled, the fame of the waters 
gradually extended. 

Highland county derives its name from 
its great elevation, which varies from 1500 
to 4500 feet above the sea level. The surface 
is greatly broken by streams and mountains. 

Craig county is named after its chief 

"Howe, p. 185. 



176 Virginia County Names 

Stream, Craig's Creek,^ which merits the 
name of river, for it drains about four hun- 
dred square miles of territory. The stream 
probably got its name from some hunter or 
early settler in that region. Craig's Creek 
rises in Montgomery near Blacksburg, flows 
through Craig, and empties into the James in 
the western part of Botetourt county. 

^"Appleton's American Cyclopedia." 



PART VII 

THE JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 
AND VIRGINIA COUNTY 
NAMES— CONCLUSION 



12 



CHAPTER XV 

THE JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION AND VIRGINIA 
COUNTY NAMES 

It Is no part of my task to give an account 
of the Jamestown Exposition of 1907; but 
some of the interesting facts and exhibits con- 
nected with the Exposition have a direct bear- 
ing on persons or places referred to in this 
work. Of these facts and exhibits, therefore, 
some mention Is not inappropriate. 

Of course Norfolk county Itself, rich In 
historic associations, takes pride In the fact 
that the Exposition was held within her bor- 
ders; nor does James City county, within 
which are the ruins of old Jamestown, feel 
jealous that the better location of her sister 
county made Norfolk and not James City the 
seat of the Tercentennial Celebration of the 
first permanent settlement of the English In 
America. 

Princess Anne county contains Cape 
Henry, at which are two lighthouses and a 
wireless telegraphy station. At the foot of 
the old lighthouse, which dates from 1690, 

(179) 



t 



1 



180 Virginia County Names 

a stone tablet now replaces the old wooden 
cross raised by the first settlers to mark the 
spot of their first landing on American soil, 
April 26, 1907 — seventeen days before the 
settlement oT Jamestown. The old lighthouse 
is not now in use, being replaced by the some- 
what taller one of recent date that stands 
about 200 yards distant and looks down upon 
her older sister from a height of 1 60 feet. 

The Exposition grounds, about four hun- 
dred acres in extent, were located at SewalPs 
Point, which borders on Hampton Roads at 
the mouth of the James, Elizabeth, and 
Nansemond rivers, and is six miles north of 
Norfolk. About two miles west of the 
Qfrounds occurred the Merrimac-Monitor 
fight in Hampton Roads. 

The architecture of the Tercentennial was 
entirely colonial, and the names of many of 
the places about the grounds commemorated 
colonial days. At the north of the grounds 
were the Government Twin-piers — 200 feet 
wide and 800 feet in length, — ^which, hung 
with electric lights on every part, presented a 
most beautiful spectacle at ni^ht. These 
piers and the landing between them were 
named Susan Constant Pier f on the west) , 
Discovery Landing, and Godspeed Pier (on 



$ 
The Jaiiicstovvn Exposition 181 

the east) , thus commemorating the names of 
the three EngHsh vessels that brought the 
hrst settlers to Jamestown. Ihe harbor 
within the piers was Smith Harbor. 

Prominent among the streets of the Expo- 
sition grounds were Powhatan, Pocahontas, 
and Gilbert,^ running east and west, while 
Bacon Street ran north and south. Just south 
of the government piers was Raleigh Square, 
and on the eastern part of the grounds were 
"circles" — really only semi-circles — named 
after the Colonial governors, Bennet and 
Spotswood. "Lee's Parade," a thirty-acre 
field north of the main entrance to the 
ground, was used for military maneuvers, and 
in its name honored the Southern military 
chieftain. 

In the southeastern part of the grounds 
near Spotswood Circle was the Exposition 
Hospital, Pocahontas Hospital, in front of 
Pocahontas Spring, noted in history as the 
spring used by the Indian princess. Just east 
of Spotswood Circle, between where the Tex- 
tile Building and the Silver and Copper Build- 
ing stood, is the Powhatan Oak, a monster 

^Named after Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who was drowned 
in 1583 in an unsuccessful attempt to establish an English 
settlement in North America. 



182 Virginia County Names 

live oak that was a large tree when the first 
settlers landed there three hundred years ago. 

Full of interest to lovers of history were 
the contents of some of the State buildings, 
and especially interesting was the interior of 
the History Building, where, as the guide- 
book told us, "there is shown the greatest col- 
lection of rare relics and heirlooms of colonial 
history ever brought together in this coun- 
try." 

Within the Missouri Building there were 
on the walls two portraits, oil paintings, that 
were especially interesting to me : on the left, 
as you enter the building, was the portrait of 
"Meriwether Lewis, First Governor Mis- 
souri Territory, 1 807-1 809"; on the right 
was a portrait inscribed, "General WilHam 
Clark, Governor Missouri Territory, 1809- 
1821." 

The Maryland Building was on the out- 
side a reproduction of the house on the Har- 
wood estate, built in 1802 for his son by 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Within the 
building was shown a large and handsome 
harpsichord formerly owned by Carroll, and 
in a frame with pictures of nine other Mary- 
land men was Carroll's picture also. Large 
portraits of Charles I and of his queen 



The Jamestown Exposition 183 

adorned the walls of the building, and the 
Pocahontas Memorial Association exhibited 
two separate portraits of Pocohontas, a 
picture of her marriage to Rolfe, and a fac- 
simile of Rolfe's request to the Governor of 
Virginia that he be allowed to marry her. 

The Pennsylvania Building was a duplicate 
of Independence Hall, Philadelphia, and it 
was most fitting that the portraits of the sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence should 
hang on the walls of one of the rooms. These 
portraits, only forty-seven in number, because 
the portraits of some of the signers were lack- 
ing, were taken from Philadelphia. There 
were excellent portraits of all the signers after 
whom Virginia named counties — Franklin, 
Carroll, Wythe, and Thomas Nelson, Jr., for 
counties within Virginia; and Carter Brax- 
ton, Hancock, Jefferson, and Benjamin Har- 
rison for counties within the present State of 
West Virginia. 

Just west of the Auditorium and between 
Pocahontas and Gilbert streets was the His- 
tory Building, a permanent colonial structure 
of 124x129 feet. Many States contributed 
to make the historic exhibit both interesting 
and instructive, but Virginia's exhibit was 
probably the most attractive of them all. To 



154 Virginia County Names 

this success the Virginia State Library con- 
tributed much by the loan of valuable papers 
and documents. 

The letters and papers were neatly ar- 
ranged, with printed descriptive labels, in 
glass cases. Several cases were devoted to 
letters, etc, of Patrick Henry; in one case 
were autograph letters of the Virginia gov- 
ernors beginning with Berkeley and going 
through Dunmore; another case contained 
letters from all the Virginia signers of 
the Declaration of Independence— Richard 
Henry Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Thomas 
Nelson, Jr., Carter Braxton, Benjamin Har- 
rison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. 
From George Rogers Clark— spelled without 
a final e — was a letter of October 22, 1782, 
to the governor of Virginia, and also a letter 
to the governor from Daniel Boone, August 
30, 1782. From Richard Bland there was 
a letter of August i, 177 1, to Thomas Adams 
in England. 

In one case there was an old newspaper 
giving a list of ''toasts" offered by the House 
of Burgesses on May 16, 1769. Among 
those "toasted" were Governor Botetourt and 
the Duke of Richmond. A second case con- 
tained a portrait of the "Right Honorable 



The Jamestown Exposition 185 

Norberne Berkeley, Baron de Botetourt, late 
Governor of Virginia"; and in another case 
were three portraits — Sir Thomas Smith, 
Treasurer of the Colony, 1 606-1 6 19; Sir 
Edwin Sandys ; and Henry Wriothesley, Earl 
of Southampton. "These three men," said 
the printed description by the Virginia His- 
torical Society, "more than any other were 
influential in the settlement of Virginia." 

West Virginia contributed to the History 
Building a painting of the Battle of Point 
Pleasant by Captain Joseph Faris. 

Near the West Virginia State Building was 
an exhibit, unique and characteristic of the 
push and energy of what was until 1863 the 
western part of the Old Dominion — "an obe- 
lisk of West Virginia coal, 40x40 feet at the 
base and 160 feet high. It is laid in obelisk 
form, a stratum for each county of the State, 
and illuminated by electric lights, forming an 
exhibit visible far out at sea." 

The Jamestown Exposition is now a thing 
of the past, and visitors to the grounds would 
probably find It hard to recognize the place. 
But the Exposition has not been In vain; It 
has, we believe, done much for Virginia's one 
hundred counties, much for the State at large, 
much for the nation. 



CHAPTER XVI 

CONCLUSION 

I have traced the naming of Virginia 
counties from 1634, when the eight original 
shires were organized, through the naming 
of Dickenson county in 1880 — from eight 
counties to one hundred counties. 

The names, as they were given, singly or 
sometimes in groups, make a record for the 
historian almost as suggestive as the early 
Chronicles of the Anglo-Saxons in England. 
Viewed in the light of the circumstances at- 
tending the naming, the names give a picture 
of thoughts and feelings of the Virginians — a 
moving picture that begins with colonial Vir- 
ginia in her loyalty to King James I of Eng- 
land, that continues with Revolutionary Vir- 
ginian in her devotion to the Father of his 
Country, and that ends with modern Virginia 
honoring one of her own sons in the naming 
of her youngest county.^ 

^James City county, organized 1634; Washington county, 
organized 1776; Dickinson county, organized 1880. 

(187) 



188 . Virginia County Names 

The story of Virginia is the story of the 
oldest English colony, and in that story we 
seek and we find a richer heritage of names 
taken from England than in the story of any 
other colony. For one hundred and sixty- 
nine years Virginia was a colony, and during 
that period fifty-eight of her one hundred 
counties were organized and named. 

Fifty-six of these fifty-eight counties took 
their names, directly or indirectly, from Eng- 
land. Royal English families contributed 
twenty-six names, English shires gave twelve, 
one came from an English island, six were 
from governors imported into the colony, and 
ten were from Englishmen of prominence, 
some of whom never set foot on Virginia 
soil. One of the fifty-eight names, Dunmore, 
was afterwards, in 1777, changed to Shenan- 
doah, thus reducing the colonial names of 
English origin to fifty-five. The other three 
names were Nansemond, Accomac, and Shen- 
andoah, all Indian. The fifty-five English 
names were, during the Revolution, increased 
to fifty-six — fifty-seven, if Greenville county 
be named after Sir Richard Temple Gren- 
ville. It is more than a coincidence that 
Virginia should have fifty-eight counties 
named during the colonial period, and that 



Conclusion 189 

fifty-seven county names should come from 
England. 

The characteristics of the two States, Vir- 
ginia and West Virginia, mother and daugh- 
ter, are shown In their county names. Vir- 
ginia, old and conservative, looked to Eng- 
land for the majority of her county names; 
West Virginia, young and Independent, has, 
with few exceptions, names of American 
origin.^ Virginia clings to the spirit of the 
English cavaliers, and honors the memory of 
their high-born descendants, men of lofty 
Ideals and noble lives. West Virginia, 
strong and sturdy. Is building a common- 
wealth rich In material resources and strong 
In the spirit of self-made men. 

Virginia's age Is shown bv her fifty-seven 
counties with names from England; West 
Virginia's youth Is shown by the fact that 
only three counties out of fifty-five — Berkeley, 
Hampshire, and Raleigh — are taken from 
England. West Virginia Is distinctively 
American In her county names, Virginia is 
largely colonial. 

Now, while It is true In general that Vir- 
ginia has had a spirit of deliberation and con- 

^Most of the West Virginia counties were named before 
the new State was formed, however. 



190 Virginia County Names 

servatism, a spirit at times antagonistic to 
progress, that spirit is, we believe, gradually 
giving way to one more practical and pro- 
gressive, a spirit fired by renewed youth and 
refined by three hundred years of struggle. 
Virginia Is awaking. Nor does West Vir- 
ginia exhibit solely the marks of rude and 
pushing youth. Education is beginning to 
keep pace with oil, and culture is strenuously 
contending with coal. 

Virginia's past is glorious, a precious heri- 
tage to all sons of the Old Dominion. Vir- 
ginia's future, now rosy with promise, lies, 
under God, in the hands of her sons. 



APPENDIX 



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TABLE II 
AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 



Name of County. 




Pop. 1900. 



Accomac, 

Albemarle ... 
Alexandria, . . . 
Alleghany, . . . . 

Amelia, 

Amherst, 

Appomattox, . . 

Augusta, 

Bath 

Bedford, 

Bland 

Botetourt 

Brunswick, . . . 
Buchanan, . . . . 
Buckingham, 
Campbell, . . . . 

Caroline, 

Carroll, 

Charles City, . 

Charlotte, 

Chesterfield, . . 

Clarke, 

Craig, 

Culpeper, 

Cumberland, . . 
Dickenson, . . . . 
Dinwiddie, . . . 
Elizabeth City, 

Essex, 

Fairfax, 

Fauquier, 

Floyd 

Fluvanna, . . . . 

Franklin, 

Frederick, . . . . 

Giles, 

Gloucester, . . . 



478 
755 

32 
452 

355 
464 

342 
1,012 

548 
729 
352 
548 
529 
492 
552 

554 
563 

445 
183 
479 
484 
189 

351 
399 
297 
324 
521 
50 
277 

433 
676 

383 
289 
690 
425 
349 
253 



32,570 
34.912 
20,958 
16,330 

9>o37 

17,864 

9,662 

39,659 

5,595 
30,356 

5,497 
17,161 
18,217 

9,692 

15,266 

42,147 

16,709 

19,303 

5,040 

15,343 
28,519 

7,927 

4,293 

14,123 

8,996 

7,747 
37,184 

19,460 

9,701 

18,580 

23,374 

15,388 

9,050 

25,953 
18,400 
10,793 

12,832 



200 



Virginia County MamfeS 



Name of County. 




Pop. 1900. 



Goochland, 

Grayson, 

Greene, 

Greenville, 

Halifax, 

Hanover, 

Henrico, 

Henry, 

Highland, 

Isle of Wiight, . . 
James City, . . . . 
King and Queen, 
King George, . . . 
King William, . 

Lancaster, 

Lee, 

Loudoun, 

Louisa, 

Lunenburg, 

Madison, 

Mathews, 

Mecklenburg, . . . 

Middlesex, 

Montgomery, . . , 

Nansemond, 

Nelson, 

New Kent, 

Norfolk, 

Northampton, . . 
Northumberland, 

Nottoway, 

Orange, 

Page, 

Patrick, 

Pittsylvania, . . . 

Powhatan, 

Prince Edward, 



396 


9,519 


438 


16,853 


150 


6,214 


288 


9,758 


806 


37,197 


478 


17,618 


273 


115,112 


435 


19,265 


407 


5,647 


352 


13,102 


159 


5,732 


336 


9,265 


183 


6,918 


246 


8,380 


137 


8,949 


433 


19,856 


519 


21,948 


529 


16,517 


471 


11,705 


336 


10,216 


92 


8,239 


640 


26,551 


156 


8,220 


394 


19,196 


393 


23,078 


472 


16,075 


233 


4,865 


425 


114,831 


232 


13,770 


235 


9,846 


304 


12,366 


349 


12,571 


317 


13,794 


489 


15,403 


986 


63,414 


284 


6,824 


345 


15,045 



Appendix 



201 



Name of County. 




Pop. 1900. 



Prince George, 
Princess Anne, 
Prince William, 

Pulaski, 

Rappahannock, 
Richmond, . . . . 

Roanoke, 

Rockbridge, 
Rockingham, . 

Russell, 

Scott, 

Shenandoah, . . 

Smyth, 

Southampton, . 
Spotsylvania, 

Stafford, 

Surry, 

Sussex, 

Tazewell, . . . . 

Warren, 

Warwick, .... 
Washington, . . 
Westmoreland, 

Wise, 

Wythe, 

York, 

Total, .. 



40,125 



302 


7,752 


285 


11,192 


353 


11,112 


338 


14,609 


264 


8,843 


1S8 


7,088 


297 


37,332 


593 


24,187 


870 


33,527 


503 


18,031 


535 


22,694 


486 


20,253 


444 


17,121 


609 


22,848 


401 


14,307 


285 


8,097 


292 


8,469 


490 


12,082 


557 


23,384 


226 


8,837 


85 


24,523 


605 


33,574 


245 


9,243 


413 


19,653 


474 


20,437 


124 


7,482 



1,854,184 



Notes. 

1. Figures for the counties represent square miles Ijmd. 

2. Areas in black figures represent more than 700 square 

miles ; population in black figures indicate more than 
35,000 people. 

3. Virginia has 2,335 square miles of water surface, thus 

making her total area 42,450 square miles. 



202 



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Virginia County Names 



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Appendix 



207 



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TABLE IV 
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

I. "Gazetteer and History of Virginia," by Joseph Mar- 

tin. Published by Martin, Moseley & Tompkins, 
printers, Charlottesville, Va., 1835. 
3. "History of Virginia,'' by Henry Howe. Published 
1845 by Wm. R. Babcock, Charleston, S. C. ; ''1856" 
on first page. 

3. "American Cyclopedia," 1869. Edited by George Rip- 

ley & Charles A. Dana. Published by D. Appleton 
& Co., New York. 

4. "Encyclopedia Britannica," ninth edition. 

5. "Hand-Book of Virginia," by Thos. Whitehead, 1893. 

Published by Everett Waddy Co., Richmond, Va. 

6. "First Steps in North Carolina History," 1889, by Mrs. 

Cornelia P. Spencer. Alfred Williams & Co., pub- 
lishers, Raleigh, N. C. 

7. "The Governors of Virginia," by Margaret Vowell 

Smith. 

8. "Lives of Queens of England of House of Hanover," 

by Dr. Doran. Published in New York, 1855, in 
two volumes, by J. S. Redfield. 

9. "Appleton's Cyclopedia American Biography." 
10. Private letters from Mrs. Mary B. Moon. 

II. Henry's "Life of Henry,'' in three volumes. 

12. County Clerks, 1895, of Alexandria, Bland, Dickenson 

(1908 also), Greenville. 

13. Bishop Meade's "Old Churches and Families of Vir- 

ginia," and histories of Virginia by Campbell, 
Cooke, Magill, Smithey, etc. ; various United 
States histories, histories of England, etc, 



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